Participation

The study aimed to examine the gender-adjusted impact of personality factors on the motivations of e-sports participants. Descriptive research was conducted using structural equation modeling. The sample consisted of 763 individuals (599 men and 164 women) selected through simple random sampling, with statistical power set at 80% and a significance level of 0.01. The research variables, including participation structure and personality traits, were measured using the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) short-form questionnaire (Gassling et al., 2003) and the Motivational Participation Questionnaire` of Cianfrone et al. (2011). The findings supported all research hypotheses regarding the personality traits and motivations of e-sports players, even after adjusting for gender. The results indicated that brunerism, consensus, duty, psychology, and acceptance of experience were significant motivators for e-sports players, and the gender-adjusted analysis confirmed the research hypotheses in both male and female groups. Therefore, considering the personalities of e-sports players in sports marketing can enhance their engagement, as their motivations to participate are influenced by their traits.

The environment of the seas is one of the global concerns, the effects and consequences of which cannot be hidden in the political, economic,and security fields of the coastal countries or all the governments of the world.This is because today most of the countries of the world benefit directly or indirectly from the benefits of the seas.Based on this, the concern of the present research is to be able to address the responsibility of the coastal states in protecting the environment of the seas by relying on the principle of participation.The question of the current research is,what are the solutions to make the coastal states responsible for the area of the marine environment?In line with this question,the findings of the present research have shown that making the coastal states responsible requires creating a balance between the economic interests of the states and environmental groups.Also,relying on scientific and research findings concerning the opinion of experts,the principles of international maritime law,and also modeling some regional treaties such as European maritime laws or restrictions imposed by the Australian government,is a suitable support for Identifying the rights and duties of coastal states. Also,the participation of the coastal states automatically and with their supervision is not a solution. This is because the coastal states have interests in marine resources, and in return, the role of non-governmental organizations, civil society, and free media should be taken into account to identify the environmental problems of the seas and also provide solutions from them citing cases of pollution, the contribution of each government and The amount of responsibility of that government is specific. In the current research, due to the critical nature of the topics, the theoretical framework of problem-solving, which originates from critical theory, was used. Also, the research method is descriptive and analytical using library tools.

The present research aimed to explore the role of modern sports technologies in the advancement of athletic sports, employing a mixed-method design. The qualitative phase utilized purposeful and criterion-oriented sampling methods, along with semi-structured interviews, while data collection and analysis were conducted using the thematic analysis method (Brown and Clark, 2006). In the quantitative phase, a questionnaire was developed, incorporating the dimensions and components identified in the qualitative phase. A random sampling method was employed, and Cochran's formula was utilized to determine the sample size, resulting in a determination of at least 384 samples. Ultimately, 356 questionnaires were collected. Descriptive statistics and Friedman's ranking test were employed for the quantitative data analysis. The findings revealed that the development of athletic sports through modern technologies comprises five main components: (1) factors influencing the development of athletic sports through technology, (2) the progression of athletic sports, (3) the challenges encountered in the development of athletic sports through technology, (4) the opportunities for enhancing athletic sports through technology, and (5) the consequences arising from the development of athletic sports through technology.

Questioning practice constitutes one of the typical and fundamental interactional tools in L2 teaching. Much L2 research on teacher questions has been quantitative studies focusing on identifying question types and their roles in language acquisition and meaning negotiation. However, by drawing on conversation analysis within a sociocultural perspective, this study examines qualitatively how EFL teacher questions can scaffold learning processes. The data were collected through videotaping EFL classroom interaction. Eleven sessions of seven intermediate-level teachers in private language schools were recorded. Through the microanalysis of the transcribed data, the study found that EFL teachers vary in their structuring of unfolding question-answer sequences and that only a small number of teacher questions tended to provide learning opportunities. Four question types providing scaffolded assistance were identified: simplifying questions, marking questions, prompting questions and asking-for-agreement questions. This study contributes to understanding how the interactive nature of the questions teachers pose can shed light on the connection between teachers’ practices and students’ learning across unfolding sequence. It argues that teacher questions are more than elicitation techniques; they are mediational interactional tools to assist participation and comprehensibility. Some examples illustrating these communicative moves of questions and their scaffolding functions are provided. The implications for teacher education are also discussed.

Objective: The present study was performed aiming to address the social capital and participation of elderly women based on the sport acceptance. Methods: The research method is applied and is a descriptive- survey research. The statistical population of the study includes the elderly women. 227 elderly women were selected as the sample size and simple probabilistic sampling method was used. Standard questionnaire was administered and SPSS and PLS were used for data analysis. Findings: The effect of cognitive social capital variable on the elderly women’s sport participation subjective development was 9.98, the effect of communication social capital on the subjective development of elderly was 2.71, the effect of structural social capital on the objective development of elderly women’s sport participation was 6.98 and effect of structural social capital on the subjective development of elderly women’s sport participation is 2.32 indicating that variables are influenced by each other. (p<0.05). Conclusion: according to the findings, increasing the social capital rate of elderly women is a promising y to enhance the participation of elderly women through sport participation. So, authorities and policy makers should plan and make policies in order to increase social capital as a variable affecting sport participation of elderly people.