علیرضا کوهکن

Foreign policy is implemented in the international environment with special and various tools; one of those tools witha prominent role in diplomacy. However, along with traditional diplomacy, with the emergence of new actors after the Cold War and the entry into the age of communication and technology, diplomacy took new forms. One type of diplomacy that has received more attention in recent years is science diplomacy. So far, scientific diplomacy in the world and especially in Iran has not been fully and sufficiently studied and the interest in this issue is more related to the development in recent years. Additionally, due to its less attractive scientific aspect in the world compared to many other countries, Iran should strengthen its international scientific cooperation networks. So, this article focuses on this issue and the main question is how the Islamic Republic of Iran performed in the application of science diplomacy in the field of medical sciences with Eastern Europe between 1991 and 2018. The hypothesis of this research is: The performance of the Islamic Republic of Iran in various dimensions of science diplomacy including memorandums of understanding and agreements, collaboration desks, international meetings and visits, summer schools, international seminars and congresses, visiting professors, and joint articles towards the Eastern European region from 1991 to 2018 has been increasing. The present study is applied research with the experimental scientific method and hypothesis- deductive research strategy and the review of these activities based on the indicators of science diplomacy shows that during the years 1991 to 2018, these activities have increased significantly in most of the proposed indicators.

Frankfurt School’s critical theory, derived from the ideology of Herbert Marcuse and Jürgen Habermas et al. was put forward by Robert Cox,  Andrew Linklater , and Marc Hoffmann into the realm of international relationships. It will be discussed in the framework of the third debate of international relationships. The concepts represented in this theory are highly similar to those in the Islamic theory within international policy and foreign policy. Thus, the question here is the degree to which these concepts can be employed in order to extend the Islamic theory of international relationships. The present paper is going to determine the degree to which such concepts as freedom, knowledge, mutual understanding, hegemony structure, international clampdown, and the like, which are frequently used in the Islamic international policy literature as the foundation of critical theory related to international peace, are comparable. The first hypothesis of this research is that above-mentioned concepts have only verbal similarities and not interchangeable in the level of ontology and epistemology. In order to explain the main concepts of critical theory, this research, sued analytical, descriptive method based on major resources employment. In fact, it answers the question utilizing the major resources being used in the Islamic international relationships literature.

Since its emergence in the Levant including Syria and Iraq, the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS Takfiri militant group) selected province of Khorasan (Afghanistan and some parts of Central Asia) as its territory, thus established its sovereignty and identity under the same title. The main question underlying the current study is that what would be the main contexts and substrates for the gradual presence and influence of ISIS in the region? The main hypothesis underlying the article is that: secular authoritarian political structure, the approach adopted and inappropriate actions taken by the governments in the region in response to the extremism, extremist fundamentalist groups in the region, fragile and complex social fabric of Central Asian countries and also the presence of the nationals in the countries of the region in ISIS structure are some of the most important factors that can lead to the formation of ISIS in the region. This presence is a common security threat to Iran and India, which can strengthen the need to security cooperation between the two countries. The current article uses an analytical method, and for data collection, the article has utilized reliable library-based sources.

Economic exchanges have long exerted great influence on the relations between nations and nations in various political, social and cultural dimensions, and these effects are increasing in current international relations. Given that the countries of Iran and India are opponents of terrorist and takfiri groups in the region and the country of Afghanistan is one of the main headquarters of the terrorists in the region, it is one of the prerequisites for full and coherent use for security in the economic exchanges of the region.Regarding what has been mentioned, the main question of the paper is about the effect of Indian presence in Afghanistan regarding security and economy?  And the main hypothesis of this paper is that the presence of India in Afghanistan has increased the economic interactions between Iran, Afghanistan and India, and, in addition to the establishment of security cooperation, the internal context of creating insecurity in the region is reduced. The research method used in this article is descriptive-analytical and has used library studies to compare the results of economic exchanges on security creation.First of all, interdependence views have been used to designate India's economic presence in Afghanistan;  and the results of this paper can point to a rise in the economic ties between Iran, India and Afghanistan, leading to an increase in the interests of the three countries, a new balance, the more emphasize and importance of Asian markets Middle and more security in Afghanistan.

The Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant, or ISIS, gained considerable power over a short period of time and at the height of its power, Al-Baghdadi controlled more broadly than Britain And it was thought that for many years it could survive. But by the Iraqi and Syrian armies and the popular forces of these two countries and with the help of the IRGC, this terrorist group lost all of its occupied territories in Iraq and Syria. So, its collapse is important and will have significant effects on the geopolitics of the Middle East. The main subject of this article is the same. The main question of the paper is how would the ISIS collapse affect Middle Eastern politics? The answer to this question will be presented in six sections, all of which relate to the probabilities following the fall of ISIS in the Middle East. The research method of article is based on explanation method.

In security studies school, there are different viewpoints toward religious and its role in domestic and international security systems. From Peace of Westphalia until beginning of 21 century, many experts has thought Talking about the role of religious is meaningless. After 9/11, most politicians were talking about Islamic terrorism. At this time, there are two types of role for Islam in the field of security: first in Daesh as a big terrorist organization that create insecurity in Iraq and second in Hashd al-Sha’bi as a big volunteer organization that try to make Iraq more secure. This paper discuss these two different perspectives on the role of Islam in security.

One of the key issues in international relations is the emergence of a new global order and the gradual transformation of power structures from a unipolar-multipolar system to a multipolar system. This significant and fundamental shift has driven national and transnational actors, particularly those dissatisfied with the status quo, to actively participate in this process and strive to become influential discourses and active players in the new international system.This article seeks to elucidate the ideal international system from the perspective of Ayatollah Khamenei's resistance discourse and to present his strategies and approaches for achieving the envisioned outcomes in the second phase of the Islamic Revolution. From his perspective, the ideal international system is based on a just global order, democracy, and mutual cooperation, pursuing objectives such as ensuring security, peace, and the prosperity of nations.This system, in particular, emphasizes the principles of dignity, wisdom, and expediency, the authenticity of identity, and the independence of nations. It seeks to fulfill human rights and the rights of nations, achieve unity, and uphold spiritual and divine values.The key endogenous strategies of the resistance discourse include the establishment of a model system, the explanation and teaching of resistance knowledge aligned with human nature, and the implementation of the resistance model in new geographical regions while considering the cultural and indigenous conditions of those areas.Additionally, the exogenous strategies involve strengthening the connections between various centers of resistance and establishing a comprehensive, coordinated system to supervise, guide, and lead all resistance fronts.