هستی فلاح زاده

In recent decades, scientists and researchers have not yet paid attention to some scientific debates and studies despite the scientific development of tourism. Tourism paradigms and related socio-cultural theories are two of these areas. In this work, we aimed to explain how tourism's socio-cultural theories and debates form in cultural and historical contexts. This work presents a comprehensive image of tourism socio-cultural theories’ formation and evolution process. This study a fundamental and theoretical research. It is descriptive-explanatory in terms of purpose, longitudinal in terms of time, and historical-comparative in terms of data collection and analysis. The data used in this study is archival. The results showed that although humanism, interpretivism and structuralism paradigms have significantly impacted the formation and evolution of tourism development, the functionalism paradigm dominates all periods of development and evolution of tourism from pre-mass to post-mass. There are signs in the field of turning tourism paradigms toward subjectivism approaches, based on the findings of this research and futurology in this field. Therefore, it seems that tourism scientists and researchers’ attention to this socio-cultural change of approach and the readiness of managers to understand this "paradigmatic shift" and its application in the field of implementation is undeniable.

Tourism is regarded as a complementary activity that contributes to the sustainability of nomads' livelihoods and raises welfare and living standards, as well as the economic growth of nomadic areas, through the capabilities and attractions of the Shahsavan nomads. The present study tries to identify the scenarios of nomadic tourism in Shahsavan, Ardabil province. The research strategy is a case study through a qualitative study using a multi-faceted method and a cross-sectional time horizon. In data collection, in the first step, key experts were used to collect data to extract the factors affecting nomadic tourism development (NTD) and to examine the impact of these variables on each other. The influential factors were divided into 12, seven promoting and five inhibiting factors. The mutual influence matrix was used to determine the effect of variables on one another, and scenarios were created using propulsions extracted from the influencing factors. After collecting the questionnaires, the scenario was conducted using Scenario Wizard software. The scenarios in the current research were divided into three groups: favourable, intermediate, and unfavourable. According to experts, access to favourable scenarios is accompanied by many limitations and obstacles. Its occurrence requires coherent planning, commitment, and participation from all stakeholders, and the occurrence of unfavourable and catastrophic scenarios also looks pretty pessimistic. According to current trends, the vast majority of experts believe that a slight improvement in the current situation is possible in the future of this type of tourism.