Distinction

L’œuvre romanesque d’Olivier Adam en général et Les Lisières en particulier reflètent les crises, écarts, conflits, et rancœurs de la société contemporaine française. Par l’intermédiaire de maintes descriptions spatiales et d’innombrables personnages dont il nous relate la vie privée et le parcours professionnel, le romancier s’évertue à traiter l’instauration du système qui a entraîné de telles conséquences de même que les mécanismes qui ont favorisé sa durabilité. Au cours de ce travail, par le biais de la sociologie bourdieusienne et ayant recours aux termes propres au sociologue français tels que « l’espace social », « l’habitus », « la champ » et « la domination », on étudie la façon dont le jeune auteur a analysé la hiérarchie sociale en  concrétisant le concept de « l’espace social » à l’aide des figures qui représentent de multiples « positions sociales ». On démontre également les stratégies de « domination » qui ont été retracées par le romancier en premier lieu dans les champs limités et à une plus grande échelle par l’État. Enfin, la théorie de « la distinction », si méticuleusement concrétée par le romancier, est traitée pour montrer les obsessions d’un écrivain qui se veut engagé au XXI e siècle.

Continuing the path of Neo-Platonic philosophers and Farabi, while accepting the framework of the Greek thought in reaching the truth of the beings in the universe through the rational knowledge in the framework of Aristotelian logics, Avicenna has attempted to present a certain interpretation of some fundamental concepts of the Greek thought and offer a metaphysics with quite rational and argumentative results as well as a rational interpretation for some of the principal concepts of the Quranic thought in the Islamic world, a metaphysics that can be called the essential Greek-Islamic rational system. The present article attempts to use an analytical-explanatory method to prove that, firstly, Avicenna accepts the Greek rational thinking method in reaching the truth of the beings, calling it the certitude wisdom and knowledge. And – in line with Aristotle – he introduces the man’s sensory faculty as the starting point for the path of acquiring certitude knowledge, through which he reaches the rational knowledge of the beings. Secondly, it states the most important axes of Avicenna’s philosophy in his legal reasoning reading of principles of Aristotelian thought.

Lifestyle which encompasses social, cultural, and economic factors deeply impacts upon the people's behavioral patterns and mental attitudes. One of the manifestations of lifestyle is the quality of selecting living places, which in turn influences the architecture of the houses. The purpose of the present study is to examine the extent to which modern lifestyle affected Hamadanian people`s lifestyle as well as the architecture of their houses during the first Pahlavi regime. The study adopted a historical-interpretive analytical method which describes the modern lifestyle of Hamedanian people by taking the transition from tradition to modernity into account and investigates the conceptual components of the architectural modernism of the houses using architectural space analysis. The data for the study were collected through library resources and field study. The sampling method for the field study was purposive. To this end, all the houses built during the first Pahlavi regime which had documents and were possible to visit for a filed study were examined. The results provided evidence for the modernization of people`s lifestyle which led to new concepts of modern lifestyle, such as consumerism, the development of social interaction, the initial formation of civility, social distinction and status, and social importance of women. Moreover, the findings show that changes in lifestyle resulted in the formation of three different architectural patterns. Garden houses, street houses, and evolved traditional houses were considered as reflections of architectural changes. These evolutions show the changes in people`s lifestyle as a result of transition from tradition to modernity and the evolution of architectural space due to the changes in the quality of modernism style of life.

The armed conflict in Yemen is one of the most devastating and catastrophic crises the international community is currently facing. It is entering its seventh year. This situation has raised numerous questions under International Humanitarian Law (IHL) as the set of rules the main aim of which is to limit the effects of armed conflicts for humanitarian reasons. This is also an occasion to test the pertinence and efficiency of IHL rules in the face of current armed conflicts. Accordingly, the present article seeks to study certain important issues in IHL raised by Yemen armed conflict. Doing so, firstly, the type of armed conflict in Yemen is addressed (1). Then, it goes through the principles of distinction, proportionality and precautions (2). Thereafter, the issues of blockade and siege are dealt with (3). After that, the situation of certain persons is examined (4). And finally, the very challenging and significant question of humanitarian assistance is studied (5). I will conclude that most of the humanitarian problems except the issue of humanitarian assistance and sieges are adequately regulated by IHL and that the problem is mainly that those rules are not respected. The controversy about the classification of the conflict, whether it is an international armed conflict (IAC) or a non-international armed conflict (NIAC), does not fundamentally affect those rules.