از شاد زیستی تا معنویت گرایی؛ مطالعه ای کیفی در میان مادران دارای چهار فرزند و بیشتر در شهر طبس (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
از فرزند با عنوان «نعمت الهی» در قرآن کریم یاد شده است؛ باوجوداین، ترکیبی از تقارن های سیاست گذارانه، فرهنگی- اجتماعی، پزشکی و اقتصادی به کاهش فرزندآوری در کشور ایران انجامیده است. در این شرایط، خانواده هایی هستند که همچنان و مبتنی بر زیست-عادت واره سنتی-دینی، تمایل به چندفرزندی دارند. هدف تحقیق حاضر، کشف و واکاوی درک و تجربه چندفرزندی در میان مادران دارای چهار فرزند و بیشتر در شهر طبس است. مطالعه کیفی است و با 11 مشارکت کننده در سال 1403 به روش تحلیل مضمون انجام شد. تحلیل داده ها نشان داد که مشارکت کنندگان باوجود مشکلات اقتصادی و اجتماعی و نگرانی های فرهنگی راجع به تربیت فرزند، اما همچنان چندفرزندی را به عنوان الگو و تجربه خانوادگی مثبت تفسیر می کنند. پنج مضمون برساخت شده تحقیق عبارت اند از شادزیستی خانوادگی، عادت واره سنتی، مادرانگی خودبنیاد، سرمایه انگاری فرزند و باورهای معنوی. مطابق یافته ها می توان گفت که تمایل به چندفرزندی و تجربه زیسته آن باوجود تنگناهای متعدد اقتصادی و فرهنگی، به عنوان زیست مثبت قلمداد شده که به بهزیستی خانوادگی مشارکت کنندگان انجامیده است. نتایج این پژوهش می تواند برای سیاست گذاران فرهنگی و اجتماعی برای حمایت و تقویت ساختار خانواده های چندفرزندی مفید باشد و مبنایی برای تحقیقات آینده باشد. انجام مطالعات دیگر روی تجربه مشابه در مردان و همچنین بحث های نظری راجع به موضوع با رویکرد میان رشته ای پیشنهاد می شود.From Well-being to Spirituality: A Qualitative Study of Mothers with Four or More Children in Tabas
Introduction
In Iranian culture and religion, children have always held a prestigious status viewed as divine blessings and essential social assets. In ancient Iran, having more children symbolized greater power, economic strength, and military capability. The advent of Islam further amplified the religious emphasis on family and childbearing, solidifying their significance. However, over the past 50 years, Iran has undergone profound changes in family structure and childbearing patterns. The transition from extended to nuclear families, declining mortality rates, and a total fertility rate that has plummeted to 1.6 have introduced new demographic challenges. Population policies have varied widely, oscillating from stringent population control measures in previous decades to recent initiatives aimed at boosting birth rates, reflecting the complexity of the issue. The decline in childbearing in Iran is influenced not only by policy, but also by cultural and social factors, such as delayed marriage, economic hardships, and the impact of global culture. These influences have contributed to trends like single-child families and postponed childbearing, with projections indicating a future dominated by nuclear families without children. Despite this overarching trend, some families maintain a desire for multiple children and uphold alternative values and attitudes. These families shaped by diverse life experiences exhibit a stronger motivation to have more children. The research gap concerning the lives and experiences of young, multi-child families has prompted scholars to delve deeper into this topic, particularly in cities like Tabas.
Materials & Methods
This qualitative study aimed to investigate the reasons why certain families in Tabas choose to have more children. With a population of approximately 39,000, Tabas exemplifies a unique blend of tradition and modernity, where religious and cultural values continue to shape family life. The study focused on women with 4 or more children. They were selected through purposive, convenience, and snowball sampling methods. Data collection was conducted using semi-structured interviews with primary questions addressing factors that enhanced the desire for larger families, experiences associated with raising multiple children, and the contrasts between families with many children and those with fewer. The interview data were analyzed through thematic analysis, a method that involved categorizing, identifying patterns, and interpreting the findings. This analysis was guided by various thematic analysis models and was conducted in 3 stages, encompassing 6 steps and 20 specific actions to reveal the underlying patterns in the experiences of these families.
Discussion of Results & Conclusion
This research investigated the motivations and reasons behind multi-child families in Tabas amid a societal trend of declining fertility. The focus was on families with 4 or more children, who still desired to expand their families. The key findings were organized into 5 main themes: "Family Well-being", "Traditional Habit", "Self-Sufficient Motherhood", "Child as Investment", and "Spiritual Beliefs". The results indicated that, despite facing challenges, multi-child families experienced high levels of "Family Well-being" characterized by positive and intimate interactions that enhanced their qualities of life. The theme of "Traditional Habit" encompassed specific behavioral patterns and systems that facilitated effective problem-solving and management of family affairs. The central role of mothers in "Self-Sufficient Motherhood" played a significant part in nurturing maternal instincts and enhancing caregiving skills, which positively impacted the health and development of children. The theme of "Child as Investment" reflected the belief that children were invaluable assets and sources of support throughout life. Lastly, "Spiritual Beliefs", which included religious convictions and a sense of social responsibility to increase the population, served as strong motivational factors for these families. These findings align with previous research on spiritual well-being, marital satisfaction, resilience, and religious tendencies, highlighting the crucial role of spiritual and social factors in family planning decisions. Furthermore, the study resonated with theories of fertility economics and social capital, viewing children as both economic and social assets that strengthened family cohesion and solidarity. Conversely, the findings challenged the modernization perspective on family dynamics as multi-child families often made decisions based on relational networks and collective beliefs rather than individual desires. These families embraced concepts, such as the blessings and grace of children, which contrasted with the secular dimensions of modernization. Given the economic and cultural challenges faced by multi-child families, it is recommended that policymakers and government agencies provide essential support in various areas, particularly housing and economic assistance. Additionally, addressing cultural needs and offering appropriate facilities can improve living conditions and enhance the welfare of these families. Such support not only benefits multi-child families, but also strengthens the social and cultural foundations of society.
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