تحلیل تطبیقی استعاره کلاسیک: از محاکات ارسطویی تا نظریۀ تخیّل در اندیشه ابن سینا (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
چیستی و تعریف استعاره، همواره از مساِئل مهم در حوزه فلسفه ادبیات بوده است. ارسطو نخستین اندیشمندی است که در دو اثر ارزشمند خود، بوطیقا «فنّ شعر» و ریطورریقا «فنّ خطابه»، استعاره را از شیوه های متعارف زبان متمایز می کند و آن را از انواع محاکات برمی شمارد. وی پیوندی عمیق میان استعاره، لذّت و تخیّل برقرار می کند و در فنّ خطابه استفاده از استعاره را منجر به ایجاد لذّت در مخاطب می داند؛ بدین ترتیب که شنونده را به مشاهده امور وا می دارد. ابن سینا نیز با الهام از دیدگاه های ارسطو در فنّ شعر، نظریه شعری خود را ارائه داده است. او تحقّق شعر را در گرو اجتماع وزن و سخن مخیّل می داند با این تفاوت که سادگی کلام را اصل شمرده و استعاره های لطیف و غیر بعید را منشأ لذّت تلقی می کند. از منظر ارسطو، استعاره فاقد اعتبار معرفتی و صرفاً واجد ارزش زیبایی شناختی ست؛ دیدگاهی که ابن سینا نیز در پیوند استعاره با تخیّل برآن تأکید دارد. بااین حال، در ترکیب قیاس استعاری، استعاره می تواند کارکرد معرفت شناسانه بیابد. مقاله حاضر، با رویکردی توصیفی- تحلیلی در پی آن است تا ضمن معرفی چیستی و تعریف شعر از دیدگاه ابن سینا، دیدگا ه های او درباره شعر و محاکات را بررسی کرده، تعبیرات وی در باب اجزای سخن را تحلیل کند، میزان تطبیق و نزدیکی آرای او به نگره استعاری ارسطو را نشان دهد و جایگاه معرفتی استعاره در نسبت با حقیقت را در اندیشه این دو متفکّر روشن سازد.Classical Metaphor in the Nexus of Aristotelian Mimesis and Avicennian Imagination
The nature, definition, and philosophical role of metaphor have long occupied a prominent place in literary theory and the broader discourse of aesthetics and epistemology. Central to the development of these discussions is the work of Aristotle, particularly his treatises Poetics and Rhetoric, which offer foundational insights into the function of metaphor within language, thought, and poetic expression. Aristotle was among the first thinkers to treat metaphor not merely as a stylistic embellishment but as a distinct cognitive and aesthetic operation rooted in mimesis, or representation. He argued that metaphor, while not part of standard discursive language, serves as a crucial function in evoking pleasure, sharpening perception, and stimulating the imagination. In Rhetoric, Aristotle elaborates that metaphor is inherently pleasurable because it requires the audience to make a cognitive leap—to recognize a likeness between two unlike things. This recognition is intellectually gratifying and emotionally stirring, prompting the mind to engage creatively with the material presented. Metaphor thus serves as a medium through which listeners are invited to see things anew, generating a form of experiential knowledge distinct from propositional truth. However, for Aristotle, this function remains within the bounds of aesthetic experience. According to him, metaphor is not itself a vehicle of philosophical truth but a tool to embellish and enrich rhetorical and poetic discourse.
Centuries later, within the rich tapestry of Islamic philosophy, Avicenna engages deeply with Aristotelian thought, especially through the transmission and translation movements that brought Greek philosophical works into the Arabic-speaking world. Avicenna’s engagement with Aristotle is neither passive nor merely derivative. In his Poetics, a treatise written in conscious dialogue with the Aristotelian tradition, Avicenna reinterprets the nature and function of poetry and metaphor within a new intellectual and metaphysical framework. While Aristotle’s influence is unmistakable, Avicenna adapts and transforms the concepts of mimesis, metaphor, and poetic imagination to align with his broader philosophical commitments. Avicenna’s theory of poetry marks a significant philosophical development. He proposes that poetry arises from the integration of measured rhythm and imaginative speech, which together produce a discourse aimed not at rational persuasion but at evoking emotional and imaginative responses. In contrast to Aristotle’s focus on structured dramatic representation, particularly in tragedy, Avicenna defines poetry by its psychological effect—its capacity to stir the soul and awaken imaginative faculties. This move signals a broader transformation of the poetic enterprise from a mimetic representation of external actions to an internal, affective, and imaginative engagement with language. Notably, Avicenna’s interpretation of metaphor diverges from Aristotle’s in several key respects. While Aristotle regards metaphor as an ornamental feature that, when used judiciously, enhances the clarity and richness of language, Avicenna elevates metaphor to a central position within the poetic process. For Avicenna, metaphor is not merely decorative; it is fundamental to the imaginative function of poetry. He places particular value on delicate and accessible metaphors- those that are subtle yet not obscure, capable of producing aesthetic pleasure through their ability to defamiliarize ordinary language and stimulate wonder. This emphasis on wonder as a poetic and philosophical category reflects a significant shift in the cultural and epistemological function assigned to metaphor.
Despite their differing emphases, both Aristotle and Avicenna agree on a crucial point: metaphor, in its poetic usage, lacks inherent epistemological authority. That is, metaphor does not produce truth in the same way that syllogistic reasoning or demonstrative logic does. For Aristotle, metaphor is constrained to the realm of aesthetic pleasure and rhetorical effectiveness. Avicenna largely concurs, noting that poetic discourse does not aim at assent or propositional truth but at affective resonance. However, introducing a critical nuance, Avicenna allows for the epistemological potential of metaphor within the structure of analogical reasoning. In such contexts, metaphor is not merely ornamental but serves a heuristic function, enabling cognitive processes that approximate understanding through imaginative likeness.
This study, adopting a descriptive-analytical methodology, investigates how Avicenna reconfigures the Aristotelian legacy by embedding metaphor and poetry within a logical and philosophical schema that prioritizes imagination, affect, and the psychology of the soul. It seeks to answer three interrelated questions: 1. What is the epistemological nature of poetry and metaphor in the views of Aristotle and Avicenna? 2. How did Aristotle’s theory of metaphor influence Avicenna’s conceptions of mimesis and imagination? 3. How did the notion of mimesis in both thinkers’ systems affect their respective interpretations of poetic and metaphorical language?
The historical and philosophical background of this comparative inquiry reveals a broader narrative. Islamic philosophy emerged in significant part through the translation and adaptation of Greek philosophical texts. Thinkers such as al-Farabi, Avicenna and Ibn Rushd played instrumental roles in interpreting, systematizing, and often reimagining Aristotelian doctrines within the framework of Islamic thought. These philosophers did not merely reproduce Greek ideas but adapted them to address new questions arising from their metaphysical, theological, and epistemological commitments.
In this intellectual context, Avicenna’s Poetics must be seen not as a commentary but as a creative reappropriation that transforms the understanding of metaphor and poetry from one grounded in dramatic representation to one centered on imagination and internal perception. Avicenna offers two formal definitions of poetry, both of which highlight the importance of rhythm, rhyme, and, above all, imagination. For him, poetry operates through Takhyil—the capacity to conjure mental images and affective states. Unlike rational discourse, which aims at producing assent to truth claims, poetic discourse aims to produce an imaginative experience that stirs the listener’s soul. This distinction between demonstrative logic and imaginative persuasion is central to Avicenna’s philosophical poetics. The emotional and psychological impact of poetry, including the production of pleasure and wonder, marks its distinctiveness from other forms of communication.
Metaphor plays an indispensable role in this imaginative function. Avicenna identifies metaphor as a key poetic device that enables defamiliarization and emotional resonance. In contrast to Aristotle’s concern with maintaining clarity and avoiding metaphorical excess, Avicenna advocates for the strategic use of subtle, non-obscure metaphors that deepen aesthetic engagement and amplify the poem’s affective power. This shift reflects a broader transformation in the ontology of poetic language—one that centers not on representation of external actions but on the inner workings of the imagination. One of the central divergences between Aristotle and Avicenna lies in their understanding of mimesis.
Aristotle views mimesis primarily as the representation of human action, particularly in tragedy, which he regards as a philosophical and ethical mode of inquiry. Poetry, for Aristotle, is more philosophical than history because it deals with universals (what might happen) rather than particulars (what has happened.) Avicenna, however, reconfigures mimesis as a function of imagination. For him, poetic language is not mimetic in the Aristotelian sense of depicting action but is imaginative speech that influences the soul by shaping emotional and psychological states. Thus, in Avicenna’s framework, poetic propositions do not aim at truth in the Aristotelian sense but rather at imaginative transformation.
Despite this shift, Avicenna does not entirely sever the link between metaphor and knowledge. Within the structure of analogical reasoning, metaphor acquires a cognitive function, facilitating the movement from known to unknown through resemblance. In this way, Avicenna preserves a place for metaphor within epistemology, although he does not consider it to have the same direct truth-making function as logic or demonstration. This dual orientation, toward aesthetic pleasure and cognitive mediation, positions metaphor at the intersections of poetics, psychology, and philosophy in Avicenna’s thought.
The broader implications of this study suggest that the differing views of Aristotle and Avicenna on metaphor and poetry reflect the deeper contrasts between Greek and Islamic intellectual traditions. In Greek philosophy, particularly in Aristotle’s works, poetry retains a quasi-epistemological role as a mode of representing universal truths through fictional narratives. In Islamic philosophy, especially in Avicenna, poetry is recast as a medium for imaginative and emotional engagement, though it remains tethered to cognition via analogical processes. This comparative analysis also opens the door to further exploration. In particular, the role of metaphor in mystical literature, especially within the Sufi tradition, presents fertile ground for extending these insights. Figures such as Ibn Arabi, Rumi, and Attar deploy metaphor not merely for aesthetic pleasure but as vehicles for expressing ineffable spiritual realities that transcend rational language. In this context, metaphor becomes a tool of interpretation, bridging the rational and the intuitive, the discursive and the ineffable. In conclusion, the study affirms that while Aristotle and Avicenna share a foundational understanding of metaphor’s aesthetic function, Avicenna’s integration of metaphor into the structures of imagination and analogical reasoning allows for a more complex and layered epistemological reading. His vision transforms metaphor from a rhetorical embellishment into a philosophical and psychological mechanism for producing wonder, shaping perception, and mediating between imagination and reason.
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