درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Sanction is defined as the restrictions over economic activity imposed by one international actor. It is a foreign policy tool in the United States foreign policy. Three key terms discussed throughout the book are sanction, pain, and resolve of sanctioned country. In the nine chapters of the book, the author discussed the design, and implementation of economic sanctions. The main points raised in the review are: a one-sided account of the book. It is an account of the sanction sender’s perspective. The other side of sanctions is the humanitarian problem stemming from sanctions. Moreover, studies on the economic consequences of sanctions on Iran were briefly presented, which are ignored in analyzing the implementation of the sanctions. The literature includes reducing economic growth, increasing income inequality, intergenerational effects of sanctions, effect of sanctions on food security, and impact of sanctions on public health expenditures._x000D_ Sanction is defined as the restrictions over economic activity imposed by one international actor. It is a foreign policy tool in the United States foreign policy. Three key terms discussed throughout the book are sanction, pain, and resolve of sanctioned country. In the nine chapters of the book, the author discussed the design, and implementation of economic sanctions. The main points raised in the review are: a one-sided account of the book. It is an account of the sanction sender’s perspective. The other side of sanctions is the humanitarian problem stemming from sanctions. Moreover, studies on the economic consequences of sanctions on Iran were briefly presented, which are ignored in analyzing the implementation of the sanctions. The literature includes reducing economic growth, increasing income inequality, intergenerational effects of sanctions, effect of sanctions on food security, and impact of sanctions on public health expenditures.

The primary purpose of this study is twofold: Firstly, using the Markov Regime Switching model throughout December 2008 to February 2020, it investigates and compares the nonlinear impacts of exchange rate movements and monetary policies on Petroleum Stock Index, PSI, in Iran. Accordingly, some control variables, such as OPEC oil price, inflation rate, and international sanctions, have also been used to model these relationships more accurately. Secondly, it is an empirical attempt to trace the historical changes in the PSI behavior through distinguishing the precise regime numbers, and the relationships between the exogenous variables and the PSI. Our results confirm that the effects of both exchange rate movements and monetary policies on the petroleum stock market return are direct and significant. More interestingly, the more we move from regime one to regime three, the greater the effects of the research variables on the index, except for the impact of OPEC oil prices. Our empirical findings further suggest as the effects of sanctions intensify, the influences of monetary policy and exchange rate movements would have a more significant impact on the petroleum stock index returns.

Investor sentiment is one of the non-fundamental factors that affect the financial markets, which itself is influenced by various factors, including oil price changes. This study aims to investigate the impact of oil price on investor sentiment in stock market industries in the Tehran Stock Exchange (TSE) using monthly data from April 2010 to June 2020. To investigate this issue, stock exchange industries were grouped into three categories: total industries, oil-related industries, and non-oil industries, and the effect of oil prices on investor sentiments in these three groups was examined using the pooled mean group (PMG) technique. The PMG approach considers both the short- and long-run relation between series and provides reliable results in the context of dynamic heterogeneous panel models. The implementation of PMG in all three models shows the impact of oil prices on investor sentiment over both the short and long run. Findings suggest also that oil price has positive and significant in all three models in the long run and the oil price coefficient is higher in oil-related industries than non-oil-related industries. These results are the opposite of the results obtained by similar studies, which can be due to the special features of countries, e.g. being oil exporters or oil importers