درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Background: Procrastination or voluntary delay in doing an important and necessary activity, despite the expected negative consequences that outnumber the positive consequences of delay, is a common phenomenon in the modern society. On the basis of various data, procrastination affects 20 to 95 percent of adults in western countries and studying this phenomenon is very important. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the psychometric properties and the factor structure of temporal focus scale and to study the mediating role of temporal focus in the relationship between procrastination and impulsivity- delay discounting. Methods: Four hundred people (279 females and 121 males) were selected through convenience sampling from universities of Kermanshah (west of Iran). They were evaluated by questionnaires of impulsivity, monetary-choice, pure procrastination, and temporal focus. Data were analyzed based on Cronbach's alpha test, intra-class and Pearson correlation tests, exploratory factor analysis, and structural equation modeling using SPSS and Mplus software. Results: The results showed that the reliability of the temporal focus scale was appropriate using all three measures of internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = 0.91), split-half reliability (Guttman split-half coefficient = 0.90), and test-retest reliability (intra-class correlation = 0.78). Exploratory factor analysis led to the expected three-factor structure. The proposed model fitted well with the data. Temporal focus, urgency, and delay discounting had direct effects, and urgency and lack of perseverance had indirect effects (due to temporal focus) on procrastination. Conclusion: The Persian version of the temporal focus scale has acceptable validity and reliability, and given the little time it takes to be filled out, it can be a proper tool to be used in various situations. Temporal focus, especially focusing on the past, plays a unique role in negligence, and a closer examination of this variable may help to better understand the underlying mechanisms of procrastination.

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the role of cognitive emotion regulation strategies and behavioral activator-inhibitor systems in depression. Methods: The research method was descriptive correlational with 240 female undergraduate and graduate students of Shahrekord University (Western province of Iran) selected through a random sampling method. They answered Beck Depression Inventory, Granovsky’s Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, and Carver and White’s Brain Systems Scale. The data were analyzed using SPSS 22.  Results: The mean and standard deviation of each variable were calculated as descriptive statistics, and Pearson correlation was employed to evaluate the relationships of variables. The results showed a significant negative correlation between behavioral activator systems and depression, and a significant positive correlation between behavioral inhibitor systems and depression. In general, the behavioral activator-inhibitor systems predicted 33% of depression variance. In addition, there was a significant positive relationship between maladaptive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation and depression and a significant negative relationship between adaptive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation and depression. Conclusion: The results showed that among the maladaptive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation, the catastrophic component predicted about 29% of depression variance, and among the adaptive strategies of cognitive emotion regulation, the acceptance component predicted about 39% of depression variance. In general, the results of this study indicated that brain-behavioral systems and emotional cognitive regulation strategies had chief roles in predicting depression. Relying on the findings of this study, we can present a practical framework to explain the symptoms of depression and its treatment.