درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Purpose: The main objective of this research is to develop and evaluate measures of rural housing landscape and the effect of strengthening on rural housing landscape of the village of Ahmedabad in Bahabad. The main objective of this research is to investigate the effect of rural housing rehabilitation on the landscape of Ahmadabad village from Bahbad which is based on the concept of landscape assessment. Design/methodology/approach: The purpose of this study as a methodology is applied, descriptive and field study. For data collection, documentation and survey method using a questionnaire for residents and technical observers have been used. To analyze the variables and indicators of the study, SPSS software and Chi Square and t tests were used. Also plan to analyze the effects of strengthening rural housing and perspective view and the village of Ahmadabad factor analysis, Bartlett test and the KMO indicator. Finding: Results indicate that strengthening many effects that may be positive or negative on the six performance indicators, aesthetic, economic, social and physical environmental and village have been studied. The results of the first test showed that some of the criteria related to performance indicators and aesthetic as due to zoning height, the proportion in the building, according to the settled units, compliance with the structure and the executive management and oversight of the village, in the 99% of variables appearance to furniture, flexibility and readability buildings, spatial unity and consistency of building styles, harmony between form, at 95%, which indicates a strengthening effect is significant. The second test results show that all the criteria of physical, economic, social and environmental influence of strengthening the fabric of the village of Ahmadabad to 99% to account for a significant level. Research limitations/implications: A lack of support from government agencies and the lack of statistical information on the type of tissue construction and existing buildings in the village Practical implications: According to research findings that show the direct relationship between the resistance and the perspective of the village, in the implementation of strengthening, the choice of materials facade and their implementation should be in a way that in addition to the rules and regulations of comprehensive plans and detailed and the high council urban Planning and architecture of Iran, offered to meet six criteria. Originality/value: Original innovation is in the provision of rural landscape assessment criteria. These criteria can guide those involved in retrofitting buildings rural housing. The proposed criteria can be used to analyze the beauty of the landscape, the villages designed to be used.

Purpose- Considering that a diversified economy can lay the proper groundwork for improving quality of life, the present study investigates and analyzes the efficacy of diversification on rural households’ quality of life. Design/methodology/approach - The study is descriptive-analytical and its population consists of rural settlements in Golmakan Dehestan, Chenaran County. “Economic activities diversification” is the independent variable of the study which is quantified in two agricultural and non-agricultural aspects, using 14 indicators. “Rural households’ quality of life” is the dependent variable which is quantified in three social, economic and physical-environmental aspects, using 48 indicators. Questionnaires were handed to 258 rural families in 15 villages and the average score of each indicator was considered as the score of each of the villages studied. The validity of the questionnaire was established through confirmatory factor analysis (65.72%) and its reliability was established by Cronbach's alpha (0.83). Findings - The results of the step-wise regression show that diversity of non-agricultural activities has a meaningful influence on the variation of the dependent variable (rural households’ quality of life), such that a change of one standard deviation in non-agricultural activities leads to a change of 0.6 of standard deviation in rural households’ quality of life. Therefore, non-agricultural activities are influential in improving the economic conditions of families, and consequently raising quality of life among rural families. Research limitations/implications - Among the limitations of the study, the dispersed area that the villages are located in, the long distance between some villages, and the unwillingness of rural households for filling out the questionnaire can be mentioned. According to the role of non-farm activities on improving quality of life, suggestion of the study is to improve non-farming economy in rural areas. This, naturally, requires more attention to national macro-policies along with localization and necessitates implementation of successful global models regarding diversification of non-farming economy in rural areas. Originality/Value- A review of the studies regarding economic activities diversification in Iran and the world shows that, at the time of this writing, none has dealt with the influence of economic activities diversification on rural families’ quality of life.

Purpose - Gender analysis is a sort of methodology offering a comprehensive image of the contribution and role of women and men in the economy of a community. In this exploration, it has been endeavored to investigate the role and contribution of women in producing and profiting from the financial benefits of saffron as an essential and exportable economic product. Design/methodology/approach- For this purpose, 253 saffron producers in 9 villages of the cities of Torbat-e-Jam and Bakherz were studied as a statistical sample using descriptive-analytic research method, including a questionnaire and a semi-organized interview. Data were analyzed by T-test, MANOVA, Duncan and Fisher test using SPSS software and Rural Participatory Appraisal (PRA) research. Finding - The outcomes of the study exhibited that there is a significant difference between the participation of family members in the studied area during different phases of production (planting, harvesting, cropping, marketing, and sales). Moreover, the inferential findings revealed that although the men's participation ratio of only 24% is significantly higher than women's participation in the production of saffron, the benefit rate of the gained saffron production profit for the men (i.e. 74/16%,) is significantly higher than the benefit rate for women (i.e. 25/84%). The Rural Participatory Appraisal method also revealed that there is a significant difference between the physical participation and saffron income between males and females. In other words, men possess almost all the financial benefits of saffron production; in fact, women are deprived of the sources that can help them be empowered in economic and social areas. Of course, rural women in the study area did not express dissatisfaction with this issue, and they believed that this income would be well spent for the whole family.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to analyze the spatial reflection rural housing reconstruction after the earthquake in Sinai district located in the Varzeghan county aspects of infrastructure-related, social, cultural and health treatment. Design/methodology/approach: This study is a descriptive and analytical. The data collection was in the library field. In the field, the questionnaire is used. The sample size was 300 and the sampling method is simple random sampling. The validity of the questionnaire was evaluated based on the validity and reliability of the Guttman coefficient (split-half) which is equal to 955/0 and show the reliability of the questionnaire. Finding: After assuring the goodness of fitting the designed model, the standardized load factor test indicates that the measuring instrument has very good validation tools and shows that the coefficients and chi-square ratio are relative to the degree of freedom that has strong correlation, the relationships between hidden variables together and the relationship of obvious variables; Investigating T values of the obvious variables shows that the Infrastructure Index has the most impact on the renovation of rural housing. Which has the most effective coefficients in this case, the variables of "gas supply", "water distribution", and "transport communication network". Finally, the covariance matrix of the independent variables of the research indicates that the path estimates between all the infrastructural, cultural, social, health and physical variables are acceptable and acceptable at the upper limit. In fact, the proposed model can be proposed as a useful tool for reflecting the spatial renovation of rural housing in general, the renovation of rural housing after the earthquake in the Sina village of Varzaghan has caused the infrastructure index to have the highest spatial reflection. Research limitations/implications: The study population dispersion and trouble completing the questionnaires, as well as the lack of necessary resources on SEM and LISREL software. Originality/value: research innovation combined two important issues the village, housing "and" disaster "and interpret the results using a combination of software LISREL structural equations and multivariable regression analysis using software SPSS.

Purpose: The environment is a divine favor whose protection can have a positive effect on lives of humans and other creatures. A look at the verses of the Quran and the life style of the Prophet’s family (PBUT) make it clear that no school like Islam has attached such a great importance to nature and the environment. Accordingly, using Quranic indices, in this study we have aimed to analyze the level of environmental development in rural areas of Sistan. Design/methodology/approach- The population of the study is the people in the rural areas of Sistan. To determine the sample population using Sharpe formula, 40 villages (with 51663 households) out of 796 villages in Sistan region were selected, and 381 heads of households were randomly selected according to Cochran formula. For data analysis, Kruskal-Wallis statistical method in SPSS was used, and then Topsis was employed to weigh and determine the degree of development of the villages. Findings: The evaluation showed that level of environmental development in rural areas is less than .01% percent significant. Out of 9 environmental indices, the index of optimal utilization of water, with a mean of 4.29 ranked first. Practical implications- According to the research results, coherent planning for the revival of the genuine Islamic culture and development of religious teachings about the role and significance of nature, the realization of God's real ownership of all national resources, optimal utilization of natural resources, prevention of corruption in the environment, and appropriate utilization of forests and rangelands, especially national resources, is a strategy that can lead our society to sensible utilization of natural resources.

Purpose- One of the most important strategies facing drought and agriculture water shortage in North-West Iran is developing pressurized irrigation systems (PISs). In this regard, the present study aims to investigate the factors determining the adoption of the PISs by farmers in Ardabil Province. Design/methodology/approach- First, by drought zoning of Ardabil Province (by SPI method and GIS software), three regions including regions with mild, moderate and severe drought levels were determined. In the second step, using multi-stage cluster sampling, adopter and non-adopter farmers of the PISs were selected from three regions of study (n= 415). Also, the logistic regression was used to determine the affective and distinctive factors of farmers' groups. Findings- According to the results of logistic regression analysis, the predictive power of model was 0.622 and the sensitivity of the regression model to determine the model validation was obtained as 85.8%. Also, from among 17 factors of study, 7 factors of education level, farm income, knowledge about the PISs, the infrastructure for PISs, the effect of local weather conditions, the trust towards the optimality of PISs and the improvement in farm water management, positively impacted on the adoption and use of PISs. Among effective factors, knowledge about the PISs (Wald: 32.676), the trust towards the optimality of PISs (Wald: 27.855) and the infrastructure for PISs (Wald: 21.648) were the most important factors predicting to the decision to adopt and use PISs among farmers. Research limitations/implications- Since the study was carried out in a large area of the province, accessing the farmers and experts in the Ardabil Province was difficult and time consuming. Practical implications- The agricultural extension and education programs and PRA method, can provide the basis for the adoption of PISs among most of the farmers. Also, the infrastructure programs for the implementation and setting up of PISs are the priority of governmental projects to develop the PISs in the regions of the study. Originality/value- It seems that identifying and providing the necessary infrastructure for implementing pressurized irrigation programs should be based on the scientific needs assessment of the agricultural fields’ conditions in different regions. Also, proper the appropriate government funding and financial support for the appropriate infrastructure of PISs will increase the willingness of farmers to adopt and use of the PISs.

Purpose: This study aimed to design a temporary housing pattern tailored to the needs of the injured after a natural disaster. Design/methodology/approach: This study had an applied objective and employed a descriptive-analytical method with an approach to survey and post-implementation evaluation. The criteria for temporary accommodation design were collected through library research and the victims’ satisfaction of these criteria was considered through field research. The criteria included socio-cultural, physical-functional and technical-structural elements. Field research was carried out in 10 villages of Heris County, East Azerbaijan, which were destroyed completely by earthquake in 2012. Field research was conducted through user-oriented procedures of questionnaires, interviews and field observations. In total, the criteria were evaluated in separate tables based on the Likert spectrum. Findings: The results indicated that the victims were dissatisfied with temporary resettlement after the earthquake in all three criteria. Research limitations/implications: The main limitation of this study was the high cost of numerous visits to villages and low willingness of their inhabitants to cooperate with interviewers and answer the questions for various reasons. Practical implications: Improvement strategies were proposed to enhance the quality temporary housing through organized interviews with the injured. Suggestions made by experts led to proposing some improvement strategies as well. Finally, the design of the temporary housing model was put forward in accordance with these solutions. Originality/value: This article initiated an innovative design of temporary housing which was tailored to the needs of those who had experienced the disaster based on their perceptions, not merely based on existing theoretical foundations.