درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Dating or arranging the surahs according to their order of revelation has long been considered, at least to the extent of identifying them as Meccan or Medinan. However, it has not received much attention in traditional Tafsir (exegesis). Today, descending (Tanzīlī) exegesis, relying on methods other than the customary reliance on narrations of the order of revelation, has attracted the attention of Quranic researchers to facilitate a better understanding of the Quran. Accordingly, the present study, using a descriptive-analytical method, aims to investigate the date of revelation of Surah al-Qalam, considered the second revealed surah according to narrations of the order of revelation.  This will be done by examining the surah's content and style, comparing it to the stages of Quranic revelation in terms of the arrangement of the Prophet's call, and referencing historical documents and the Prophet's biography (Sīrah). The findings indicated that this surah depicts an atmosphere of a period of revelation that is incompatible with the early period of the Prophet's mission and his cautious call, and its position as the second revealed surah. Therefore, considering the content analysis and stylistic features of the surah, as well as supporting historical evidence regarding the use of various methods by opponents to express their opposition and hostility towards the Prophet, and comparing these with the verses revealed in surahs al-Shuʻarāʼ and al-Aʻrāf onwards, and based on a comparison that shows historical similarities between surah al-Qalam and Surahs Yāsīn, al-Furqān, and al-Isrāʼ, it seems that the approximate date of revelation of this surah is during the second phase of the Prophet's mission, after the cautious call and after surahs al-Anʻām and al-Ṣāffāt, but very close to them

Translating the Quran is an extraordinarily sensitive and challenging task due to its miraculous eloquence, its position within religious texts, and its deep connection to the beliefs of Muslims. Furthermore, the complexity of certain verses and the inconsistency between their superficial translations and the definitive principles of Islam add further difficulty to this process. The second verse of Surah al-Fatḥ is one of these verses, which, due to its connection to the impeccability of the Prophet (PBUH) and the consensus of Muslims on this matter, requires greater attention and examination. The phrase "Mā Taqaddama wa mā Taʼakhkhara" in this verse has traditionally been translated by most Quran translators as referring to the past and the future, suggesting that Allah forgives the Prophet's past and future sins. While the forgiveness of past sins is understandable and reasonable, the forgiveness of future sins appears unacceptable. This study aims to resolve this issue by exploring an accurate and precise translation of this phrase through the theories of commentators and hadiths, employing a descriptive-analytical method.

Among the controversial verses in the field of family law in the Holy Quran is verse 34 of Surah al-Nisāʼ regarding the treatment of rebellious wives. The physical punishment of rebellious women in this verse has been criticized. Therefore, contemporary exegetes have each sought to justify it in their own way. In the midst of this, some exegetes and Quranic scholars, based on certain narrations, have considered the meaning of a wife's rebellion ( Nushūz ) and the subsequent permissibility of beating her to be related to committing immorality and defilement, rather than the refusal of sexual relations. With slight differences in its scope, this group has presented views on this matter based on some narrations. For example: "The permissibility of beating a rebellious wife is specific to cases of committing immorality, including both adultery and other forms, or the beating of a rebellious wife is specific to defilement less than adultery." These views face challenges both in terms of their reliance on narrations and their incompatibility with other established principles of criminal law for women who commit immorality. The goal of the present research is to respond to the view that permits the beating of rebellious women due to committing immorality, which was conducted using a descriptive-analytical processing method and a library-based information gathering approach. Based on the selected view, rebellion in the verse under discussion means challenging the guardianship of men and rebelling and seeking superiority against the husband, not committing immorality.

Verse 172 of the Holy Quran, Surah al-Aʻrāf , is considered one of the foundational verses in Islamic thought. This verse speaks of a covenant and a promise that God Almighty made with human beings and asked them to fulfill. Islamic scholars, generally relying on certain narrations, have mentioned a concept called the "The World of Dharr " in the context of this verse. Although this concept is not explicitly mentioned in the Quran itself, its early presence in a diverse range of hadith, exegetical, theological, and mystical discourses in the early Islamic centuries indicates its importance. Despite the extensive research that has been conducted on this concept in general and specifically in the context of Verse 172 of al-Aʻrāf , there are still serious disagreements about it. The present study aims to analyze the narrations that are the source of this concept in order to deconstruct it. It also critiques the exegetical views using an approach of "Quran-by-Quran" exegesis and concludes that: first, Verse 172 of Surah al-Aʻrāf is structurally similar to other verses that emphasize the divine covenant taken from prophets, the Children of Israel, the Children of Adam, etc.. Second, contrary to what is widely believed, no confirmation of the aforementioned concept can be found in this holy verse.

One of the theological principles discussed among theologians is the impeccability of prophets, including the Prophet of Islam (PBUH). However, the seemingly ambiguous nature of certain Quranic verses, such as verse 94 of Surah Yūnus , where God attributes doubt to the Prophet (PBUH), appears to contradict this principle. The incorrect interpretation of this verse has led some Christian orientalists to raise doubts about the Prophet's impeccability and the necessity of the testimony of the People of the Book to alleviate his uncertainty. The present study aims to answer the question, ‘Who is the addressee of this verse?’ using a descriptive-analytical method while also presenting the views of various interpreters. Given the Prophet's impeccability and the fact that divine revelation is a form of direct and certain knowledge, ‘How can doubt be reconciled with his impeccability?’ ‘Why does God attribute doubt to the Prophet (PBUH) in this verse?’ Both Sunni and Shia interpreters, based on a negative understanding of the concept of "doubt," have rejected its attribution to the Prophet (PBUH) in verse 94 of Surah Yūnus . As a result, they have offered various interpretations that diverge from the apparent meaning of the verse. However, by focusing on the word "Doubt," a new reading of this verse can be achieved that goes beyond the different interpretive views discussed in this research. The research findings indicate that the addressee of the verse is the Prophet himself, and the doubt mentioned in the verse is an initial, involuntary doubt that arises from a mental fluctuation aimed at seeking the truth. This natural doubt does not carry a negative connotation, so it does not conflict with impeccability, and it can occur to all individuals, including the Prophet.

Background and Objective: Considering the various educational approaches, ( Wilāyah ) education is considered the most effective due to its link with the Almighty God. The use of Wilāyah education is crucial to the achievement of a genuine Islamic education. This study therefore focuses on the teachings of the Wilāyah in the light of Ziyārat Jāmiʿah Kabīrah as an example of the sources that link the teachings of the Imams to the Almighty God. The aim of the Wilayat education system is to present a comprehensive model of education to the community teachers. Method : This research employed purposeful sampling, utilizing the Ziyārat Jāmiʿah Kabīrah as a profound document on Imamate and Wilāyah . Based on this, a thematic analysis method was applied to continuously study the Ziyārat Jāmiʿah Kabīrah and its related interpretations. After extracting passages with similar content, the sub-themes of the research were compiled. Subsequently, the common themes were categorized under organizing themes: scientific, moral, social, emotional, spiritual, and biological education. All these themes were then subsumed under the overarching theme of Wilāyah education. Finally, the themes of Wilayat education were analyzed, and the necessity of placing them under the authority of God's representative was elucidated. Results and Conclusion : The results showed that Wilāya-based education is an effective educational model for achieving Islamic education. Following the Imam, who embodies the perfect and fully developed human being in all aspects of education, can lead to success in both worldly and eternal life