درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Introduction: One of the basic human needs that plays a vital role in sustainable development is mental health. In the digital age, Internet addiction is a threat to mental health. So this study aimed at validating the treatment entry questionnaire for Tehran University students in 2019. Method: Participants were 324 undergraduate and postgraduate students of state universities in Tehran, who were selected through one-step cluster random sampling. All participants completed the Urbanoski and Wild’s (2012) Treatment Entry Questionnaire, the Miler and Tonigan (1996) Change Readiness and Treatment Eagerness Scale, and the Young Internet Addiction Questionnaire. Results: Data were analyzed using the confirmatory factor analysis model. Confirmatory factor analysis of the data showed that the three-factor structure of the identified, intrinsic, and extrinsic treatment motivation has a good fit, and the validity of the scale was confirmed by face and content validity. Convergent validity evidence confirmed the positive relationship between identified, intrinsic, and extrinsic treatment motivation with subscales of recognition, taking the step, and ambivalence of the Readiness for Change and Treatment Motivation scale. Cronbach's alpha test was used to assess the reliability of the whole scale (0.95) and each subscale of identified motivation (0.94), intrinsic motivation (0.89), and extrinsic motivation (0.86). Conclusion: The results showed that the Persian version of the treatment entry scale for the student population has acceptable psychometric properties and can be used as a valid tool in psychological research.

objective: The aim of this study was to determine the effect of group therapy in cognitive-behavioral manner on anxiety, stress and despair of Multiple sclerosis patients in Tehran. Method: This study was a quasi-experimental study with pre-test-post-test with control group. Twenty patients referred to the available medical centers were selected as a sample and randomly assigned to two experimental and control groups. In this study, Kalmogorov-Smirnov, Levene and Covarians tests were evaluated with Spss software. also, Beck Anxiety Inventory Questionnaire, Cohen's Perceived Stress Questionnaire (PSQ) and Beck's Hopelessness Scale questionnaire were applied to collect data. Results: The results of the present study showed that there is a significant difference between the experimental and control group of anxiety, stress and despair with 95% confidence level. Therefore, all three main hypotheses were confirmed and the null hypothesis was rejected. In reducing anxiety, stress, and despair in MS patients, group therapy is effective in a cognitive-behavioral manner. Conclusion: Cognitive-behavioral group therapy reduced stress, anxiety and despair in patients with MS and improved mental health of these patients. Therefore, this treatment method can be considered a treatment in clinics.

Objective: Pathogen disgust has evolved as a psychological adaptation in response to the avoidance of disease-causing organisms. Recently, evolutionary social psychologists have proposed the existence of a behavioral immune system that has evolved to avoid pathogens as a psychological adaptation. However, researchers claim that the concept of a behavioral immune system is not the same as pathogen avoidance. Therefore, in this study, the aim is to investigate whether the behavioral immune system is the same as the pathogen avoidance system or has a broader meaning. Method: using Google Scholar database keywords such as disease avoidance, pathogen disgust, the behavioral immune system were searched. PubMed for the behavioral immune system, system over perception disease cues, and disease over perception bias was investigated. All-time periods were used for this review study and more than two hundred documents were reviewed and extracted according to the criteria. Results: The findings show that there are three main mechanisms involved in the behavioral immune system. This system includes the emotional, cognitive, and behavioral mechanisms. Therefore the results showed that the behavioral immune system has a broader meaning than the pathogen avoidance system. Conclusion: Research on physiological correlations with emotional experiences shows that disgust is evoked in response to pathogen-related stimuli and is associated with unique patterns of autonomic nervous system and neural activity. However little is known about the functional connections between anatomical structures, neurochemical processes, and various cognitive and behavioral phenomena that are the manifestations of the behavioral immune system, and more studies are needed in this area.

Objective: <span class="fontstyle2">This study aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, logo therapy, and schema therapy on reducing stress, anxiety, and depression in patients with multiple sclerosis. Methods: <span class="fontstyle2">The present study was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. The study population consisted of all members of the MS Society of Iran located in Tehran in 2019, and the sample consisted of 60 members of the Association who were selected using the convenience sampling method and were randomly assigned to three experimental groups and one control group (15 people for each group). All four groups were tested by DASS-21 scale, and then the experimental groups underwent mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, logo therapy, and schema therapy in 12 Two-hour sessions for 12 weeks, but the control group did not receive any training. Analysis was performed using SPSS22 in two parts: descriptive and inferential statistics. Results: <span class="fontstyle2">The results of analysis showed that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy has been effective on reducing stress (f= 110.90, p <0,001), anxiety (f= 88.92, p <0,001), and depression (f= 32.29, p <0,001) in patients with multiple sclerosis. Also it was shown that logo therapy was effective on stress (f= 264.60, p <0,001), anxiety (f= 175, p <0,001), and depression (f= 305.07, p <0,001), and schema therapy was effective on reducing stress (f=110.90, p <0,001), anxiety (f= 88.92, p <0,001), and depression (f= 32.29, p <0,001) in patients with multiple sclerosis. Also, the comparison of means showed that in the variables of stress, anxiety, and depression, mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, logo therapy, and schema therapy were effective. Conclusions: <span class="fontstyle2">The findings of this study confirmed that mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, logo therapy, and schema therapy were effective in reducing stress, anxiety, and depression in patients with multiple sclerosis.

Objective: <span class="fontstyle2">The present study aimed to examine whether the treatment of Internet Gaming Disorder (IGD) in adolescents via Attentional Bias Modification (ABM) improves their health-related quality of life. Method: <span class="fontstyle2">34 adolescents with IGD who were 12-17 years old were randomly assigned to experimental (n = 16) and control (n = 18) groups. The experimental group received ABM, while no interventions were delivered to the control group. Attentional bias, IGD severity, and health-related quality of life were assessed using Modified Stroop Task, Internet Gaming Disorder-20 (IGD-20), and KIDSCREEN-52 questionnaires, respectively. Data from pre-test, posttest, and two months follow-up measurements were analyzed using two-way mixed measures ANOVA and Fisher’s least significant difference (LSD) via SPSS software. Results: <span class="fontstyle2">ABM successfully reduced attentional bias and IGD severity and improved health-related quality of life in adolescents of the experimental group (p < 0.05). These significant changes were observed at post-test and two months follow-up. Meanwhile, no significant change occurred in the control group (p > 0.05). Conclusion: <span class="fontstyle2">It could be concluded that ABM not only reduces the severity of IGD in adolescents, but also improves their health-related quality of life, although further research is required for the understanding of its mechanisms of effects.

Objective: To investigate whether neuroticism and extraversion predicted job-related affective wellbeing of people working under stressful conditions, notably emergency room nurses. Also, to investigate whether perceived job stress mediated the relationship between neuroticism, extraversion and job-related affective well-being. Methods: A cross-sectional survey design was administered to 242 nurses working at an emergency room in Tehran, Iran, recruited through census sampling, including two sub-scales of the NEO Five-Factor Inventory, the Job-Related Affective Well-Being Scale, and the Job Stress Questionnaire. Structural Equation Modelling was deployed for data analysis using SPSS Amos v22.0 and PROCESS macro for SPSS, setting significance threshold at p<.05. Results: Direct and statistically significant effects of neuroticism (β = -.17, p<.005) and extraversion (β = .41, p<.001) on perceived job stress were found, as well as a negative effect of extraversion on job-related affective well-being (β = -.27, p<.001). Perceived job stress was found to negatively predict job-related affective well-being (β = -0.60, p<.001). There was no significant relationship between neuroticism and job-related affective well-being. The mediating effect of perceived job stress was supported (p<.001). Conclusion: Results have theoretical implications for research about the relationship between personality traits and job-related well-being of employees working under stressful conditions. As for practical implications, hospital managers might implement workplace interventions to enhance nurses’ job-related affective well-being and reduce nurses’ job stress. In this context, extraversion and job stress should be understood as psychosocial risk factors, whereas neuroticism should be conceived as a protective factor against job stress.

Objective: Although HIV-infected women in Iran face many problems, researches in this area are limited. This research aims to understand and deeply comprehend the issues and challenges of HIV-infected women. Method: Qualitative content analysis was used in this study and participants in the research of HIV-infected women were using three supportive health centers in Tehran. 17 participants were selected through purposive sampling method. The data collection technique is a semi-structured in-depth interview. Thematic data were coded and interpreted using thematic analysis. Results: 6 categories of interview analysis were: "social exclusion", "job problems", "social phobia caused by stigma", "mental problems", "treatment problems" and “coping mechanisms”. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that HIV-infected women face many challenges in the individual and social field for the social reunion and to reduce their problems, besides individual empowerment, structural and social interventions are also essential. The results of this study can be used in the field of policy-making, the presentation of supportive programs, social services for HIV-infected women and their families.