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نمایش ۱ تا ۲۰ مورد از کل ۹۹۰ مورد.
حوزههای تخصصی:
The present research aimed to examine how emotional quotient mediates the link between work gratification and career life quality for employees at Sistan and Baluchestan University in Zahedan, Iran. The statistical population for this study comprised all staff at Sistan and Baluchestan University, and a sample of 155 employees was selected using convenience sampling. Participants completed the Work Gratification Questionnaire created by Brayfield & Rothe (1951), the Emotional Quotient Questionnaire by Chadha (2001), and the Career Quality of Life Scale established by Van Laar, Edwards, & Easton (2007). The results showed that work gratification significantly and positively influenced all dimensions of quality of work life. Emotional quotient did not notably affect the components of career quality of life. Work gratification did not exert an indirect influence through emotional intelligence on the career quality of life. Emotional quotient did not significantly influence the relationship between work gratification and career quality of life for staff in the University of Sistan and Baluchestan.
Comparison of Job Stress and Job Burnout in Native and Non-Native Teachers of Secondary Schools in Chabahar City
حوزههای تخصصی:
The aim of this study was to examine job stress and job burnout in native and non-native teachers. This study employed a causal-comparative design. The research focused on all native and non-native teachers of Chabahar city in the academic year 2024-2025. Out of the group, 104 individuals were chosen (52 native teachers and 52 non-native teachers) through convenience sampling. Data were gathered using the Osipow's (1987) Job Stress Questionnaire and Maslach’s (1981) Job Burnout scale. Data were examined through both descriptive statistics and multivariate analysis of variance. Based on the results, native and non-native teachers showed varying levels of job stress (p < .05). In simpler terms, non-native teachers scored higher on scales of overload, role ambiguity, role-related tasks, responsibility, and stress related to the physical environment compared to native teachers. Also, non-native teachers scored higher on burnout subscales including emotional exhaustion and depersonalization compared to native teachers (p < .01). From the findings, it can be concluded that teachers' native and non-native backgrounds can lead to a significant difference in their job stress and burnout.
The Influence of Socio-Demographic Factors on Quality of Life, Emotional Intelligence, and Organizational Commitment in Transmittal Company Employees
حوزههای تخصصی:
The purpose of this study was to assess how socio-demographic factors affect quality of life, emotional intelligence, and organizational commitment among employees of transmittal companies in Sistan and Baluchestan Province, Iran. The sample included 268 employees from the Sistan and Baluchestan Transmittal Company who were selected through a convenience sampling method. The Quality of Life Scale created by Dueby et al. (1988), Singh's Emotional Intelligence Scale (2004), and the Organizational Commitment Scale by Khan and Mishra (2002) were employed for gathering data. The results from one way ANOVA indicated that individuals aged 31-40 years and those aged 41 years and older exhibited notably higher average mean scores for quality of life in comparison to the 22-30 years age group. However, people between 22 and 30 demonstrated notably higher average scores in emotional intelligence compared to those in the 31-40 age group and individuals aged 41 and older. The results of the independent t-test revealed that male employees achieved significantly greater average scores on quality of life compared to their female counterparts. The results from the one-way ANOVA indicated a notable difference in quality of life scores; employees with 11-20 years and those with 21 or more years of experience showed significantly higher average mean scores in quality of life compared to employees with less than 10 years of experience.
Comparison of The Efficacy of Hope Therapy and Compassion Therapy on Rumination, Depressive Thoughts and False Beliefs Among Employees of Organizations
حوزههای تخصصی:
The present study sought to examine the effects of hope therapy and compassion therapy on rumination, depression, and erroneous beliefs within employees of organizations in Shiraz city. The statistical population included workers from Shiraz city during 2023 and 2025. The research methodology was experimental, including a design that contained both pre-test and post-test components, as well as experimental and control groups. In this pilot study, among the employees who scored one standard deviation below the mean on rumination, depression, and false beliefs questionnaires, 45 individuals were randomly selected and divided into two experimental groups and one control group. The overall count of people in each of the three groups was 15 people. The members of the initial experimental group participated in hope therapy training together over the course of 8 sessions. The second experimental group participated in compassion therapy for a total of eight sessions. In contrast, the control group did not receive any training. Ultimately, a post-test was given to all three groups. A follow-up examination was carried out after two months too. Covariance analysis was employed for data evaluation. The results showed that both hope therapy and compassion therapy helped with rumination, depression, and inaccurate beliefs among employees, with no significant difference in their effectiveness on rumination. However, compassion therapy was found to be more effective than hope therapy in addressing beliefs. Additionally, hope therapy had a greater effect on employees' depression compared to compassion therapy. It can be inferred that training in hope therapy and compassion therapy has led to decreased rumination, depression, and misguided beliefs among staff, with this enhancement remaining consistent throughout the three-month follow-up duration.
Psychological Profile Comparison of Teachers: Job Burnout, Resilience, and Altruism in Regular vs. Special Education Settings
حوزههای تخصصی:
This comparative study aimed to examine the differences in job burnout, psychological resilience, and altruism between teachers in regular and special education schools in Kerman Province, as well as to explore the relationships among these variables. The research employed a causal-comparative design and included a sample of 80 teachers—40 from special education schools and 40 from regular schools. Data were collected using three standardized instruments: the Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), which assesses emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment; the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC), a 25-item measure of psychological resilience; and the Rashin Altruism Scale, a 5-item instrument assessing an individual’s tendency to help others. Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was conducted to evaluate group differences across the three variables, and Pearson correlation was used to assess relationships among them. MANOVA results revealed significant multivariate differences between the two groups (p < 0.05). Univariate analyses indicated that special education teachers reported higher levels of burnout and lower psychological resilience compared to regular school teachers. No significant difference was observed in altruism. Additionally, correlation analysis showed significant associations among burnout, resilience, and altruism across the total sample. These findings highlight the psychological challenges faced by special education teachers and underscore the need for targeted interventions to enhance resilience and reduce burnout in this population.
The role of personality characteristics in life expectancy, quality of work life, and work-life balance: a systematic review
حوزههای تخصصی:
Personality as an individual factor is one way of describing human characteristics, usually referred to as a number of relatively stable behavioral traits or characteristics. This systematic review reviewed all related Iranian studies in international databases, including Google Scholar, PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science (ISI), Scopus, and national databases, including the Scientific Information Database (SID) and Magiran which was published between 2002 and 2024. The following keywords and combinations of them were used to search the databases: “personality characteristics” “life expectancy,” “quality of work life,” and “work-life balance”. Personality characteristics significantly influence various aspects of life, including life expectancy, quality of work life, and work-life balance. Research indicates that traits such as conscientiousness, neuroticism, and overall personality profiles can contribute to both individual and organizational outcomes. Personality traits, such as conscientiousness and emotional stability, significantly impact life expectancy, job satisfaction, and work-life balance by promoting healthier lifestyles and well-being. Understanding these influences can inform interventions to improve health outcomes and workplace dynamics.
The Mediating Role of Psychological Resilience in the Relationship Between Job Burnout Dimensions with Job Satisfaction and Organizational Commitment
حوزههای تخصصی:
The purpose of this research was to examine the mediating role of psychological resilience in the relationship between dimensions of job burnout with organizational commitment and job satisfaction among teachers. This research was descriptive and correlational in nature. The statistical population included all teachers in District 2 of Zahedan city in 2025, from which 223 individuals (144 women and 79 men) were selected through Stratified random sampling. To collect data, the Maslash (1985) burnout questionnaire, Smith et al.'s (1969) job satisfaction questionnaire, Allen and Meyer's(1991) organizational commitment questionnaire, and Connor and Davidson's(2003) resilience questionnaire were used. For data analysis, SPSS-26 software (for descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficient) and Smart PLS-4 (for path analysis ) were used. Results showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between dimensions of job burnout (emotional exhaustion and depersonalization) with psychological resilience, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction, while personal accomplishment has a positive and significant relationship with these variables. Path analysis indicated that psychological resilience plays a significant mediating role in the relationship between dimensions of job burnout (personal accomplishment, depersonalization, and emotional exhaustion) and job satisfaction, but does not have a significant mediating role in the relationship between these dimensions and organizational commitment. The research model was able to explain 68 percent of the variance in job satisfaction, 46 percent of the variance in organizational commitment, and 46 percent of the variance in psychological resilience.
Mediating Role of Organizational Envy in the Relationship between Quality of Work Life, Job Burnout, and Organizational Productivity among employees at Zahedan University of Medical Sciences
حوزههای تخصصی:
This study aimed to investigate the mediating role of organizational envy in the relationship between quality of work life, job burnout, and organizational productivity among employees at Zahedan University of Medical Sciences. A descriptive-correlational design was employed using structural equation modeling (SEM). A total of 165 employees were selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected using validated questionnaires: the Organizational Envy Questionnaire (Valizadeh & Azarbayejani, 2009), the Job Burnout Questionnaire (Reis & Xanthopoulou, 2015), the Quality of Work Life Questionnaire (Lopez et al., 2007), and the Organizational Productivity Questionnaire (Hersey & Goldsmith, 2002). Data were analyzed using Smart PLS–4 software, incorporating Pearson correlation, reliability and validity tests (Cronbach’s alpha, composite reliability, AVE, HTMT), and bootstrapping for mediation analysis. Organizational envy showed significant negative correlations with organizational productivity ( r = -0.43, p < 0.01) and quality of work life ( r = -0.18, p < 0.05), but was not significantly related to job burnout. Quality of work life significantly predicted reduced burnout ( β = -0.417, p < 0.001), lower envy ( β = -0.252, p < 0.05), and increased productivity (β = 0.299, p = 0.001). Organizational envy significantly reduced productivity ( β = -0.384, p < 0.001), yet it did not mediate the relationship between quality of work life and either burnout or productivity. Based on the findings, enhancing the quality of work life directly contributed to reducing job burnout and increasing organizational productivity, underscoring its strategic importance in human resource development.
The mediating role of ambiguity intolerance and worry in the relationship between resilience and fatigue compassion in the nurses
حوزههای تخصصی:
This study aimed to determine the mediating role of ambiguity intolerance and worry in the relationship between resilience and fatigue compassion in nurses. The research method employed a descriptive-correlational design, and the statistical population of this study consisted of all nurses working in hospitals in Tehran Province in 2024. A convenience sampling method was used to select 220 nurses from this population. The study tools were included Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (2003), the Compassion Fatigue Inventory by Saberi et al. (2017), Penn State Worry Questionnaire by Meyer et al. (1990), and the Ambiguity Tolerance Scale-II by McLain (2009). Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data. The results showed that worry mediates the relationship between resilience and fatigue compassion negatively and significantly (β=-0.096, P=0.001). Ambiguity intolerance mediates the relationship between resilience and fatigue compassion negatively and significantly (β=-0.050, P=0.029). Based on the results of the present study, it seems that the lack of resilience among nurses in ambiguous and worrying situations causes burnout and fatigue compassion.
Predicting burnout based on work-family conflict with the mediation of perceived social support and psychological capital
حوزههای تخصصی:
The present study aimed to predict job burnout in employed men and women based on work-family conflict mediated by perceived social support and psychological capital. This study is applied in terms of its purpose and descriptive in terms of its method and is of the correlation type. The statistical population of this study consists of all men and women employed in governmental and non-governmental offices and organizations in Tehran in the spring of 2024, of which 237 people were selected through available sampling. The research tools included the Job Burnout Questionnaire by Maslach et al. (2001), Multidimensional Measure of Work–Family Conflict by Carlson et al. (2000), Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support by Zimet et al. (1990), and the Psychological Capital Questionnaire by Luthans et al. (2007). The structural model fit was examined using structural equation modeling and SPSS and AMOS software. The results showed that burnout in employed women and men is predicted based on work-family conflict (P=0.001, β=0.500). Burnout in employed women and men is predicted based on work-family conflict with the mediation of perceived social support (P=0.001, Z=5.33). Burnout in employed women and men is predicted based on work-family conflict with the mediation of psychological capital (P=0.001, Z=5.07).
The Mediating Role of Narcissism in the Relationship between Organizational Commitment and Burnout among Secondary School Teachers in Zahedan
حوزههای تخصصی:
The present study aims to examine the mediating role of narcissism in the relationship between organizational commitment and job burnout among secondary school teachers in Zahedan. This research utilized a descriptive-correlational design. The study sample consisted of 213 teachers from elementary and secondary schools in Zahedan during the academic year 2024-2025, selected through multi-stage cluster sampling. Participants completed the Maslach and Jackson Burnout Inventory (1981), the Allen and Meyer Organizational Commitment Scale (1990), and the Ames Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI-16). The data were analysed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient and structural equation modelling. The results indicated that there was a significant positive relationship between organizational commitment and job burnout among secondary school teachers in Zahedan, with narcissism acting as a mediating variable. Narcissism serves as a mediator between organizational commitment and job burnout among teachers; therefore, increasing narcissism and enhancing organizational commitment are recommended as preventive measures against teacher burnout.
Prediction of suicidal thoughts based on early maladaptive schemas with the mediation of emotion regulation difficulty in teachers
حوزههای تخصصی:
The present study aimed to determine the fit of the predictive model of suicidal ideation based on early maladaptive schemas mediated by difficulty in emotion regulation in teachers. This study is an applied study in terms of its purpose and a descriptive correlational study in terms of its method, which was conducted using structural equation modeling. The statistical population consists of all teachers working in schools in Tehran during the spring of 2025, from which 320 people were selected using the available sampling method. The research instruments included the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation (1979); the Emotion Regulation Difficulties Scale by Gratz & Roemer (2004) and the Young Schema Questionnaire-short form (1998). Data analysis was performed using structural equation modeling. The results showed that the predictive model of suicidal ideation based on early maladaptive schemas mediated by difficulty in emotion regulation in teachers fits the collected data. Suicidal ideation is predicted based on early maladaptive schemas in teachers (P=0.001, β=0.400). Suicidal ideation is predicted based on difficulty in emotion regulation in teachers (P=0.001, β=0.378).
Patterns of Work Behavior and the Role of Employees' Psychological Status in the Face of Occupational Stressors
حوزههای تخصصی:
Employees' work behavior patterns are associated with their psychological status, especially in the face of work stressors. Among employees with healthy and unhealthy work behavior patterns, the present study aimed to compare psychological disorders and their symptoms in an industrial organization in Mashhad. Through convenience sampling, 144 employees were selected and responded to demographic information questionnaires, work-related behavior and experience patterns questionnaire (AVEM), and Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90). Data analysis was performed using a one-way analysis of variance in SPSS software version 26. The findings indicated that psychological symptoms and disorders were significantly higher in employees with unhealthy work behavior patterns, especially the burnout pattern, than in employees with healthy work behavior patterns. The findings highlight the importance of focusing on the mental health of employees who adopt unhealthy work behavior patterns in the face of occupational stressors. In line with existing research evidence, psychological intervention programs that include training in adopting healthy work behavior patterns and enhancing mental health impact employees' well-being and demand further research. Developing and implementing prevention policies and mental health programs in the workplace in favor of employees' well-being is associated with increased organizational productivity and community welfare.
Predicting the quality of teachers' working life based on organizational citizenship behavior and psychological empowerment: A study of elementary school teachers in Rasht city
حوزههای تخصصی:
AbstractThis study aimed to predict the quality of working life from organizational citizenship behavior and psychological empowerment in elementary school teachers in Rasht city, Iran. The research's statistical population consisted of all government and non-government primary school teachers employed during the academic year 2024-2025, from which a sample of 150 individuals was chosen, and they were requested to complete questionnaires regarding Organizational Citizenship Behavior, Psychological Empowerment, and Quality of Work Life. The results were evaluated using SPSS-24. The Pearson correlation coefficient and regression analysis were utilized to interpret the data. The findings indicated that organizational citizenship behavior and psychological empowerment positively and significantly correlated with the quality of work life among primary school teachers. The two predictors accounted for 41% of the variance in quality of work life, leading to the conclusion that organizational citizenship behavior and psychological empowerment were strong predictors of the quality of work life for elementary school teachers in the city of Rasht in Iran.
Impact of Time Management and Workplace Bullying on Organizational Commitment among Employees at Zahedan University of Medical Sciences
حوزههای تخصصی:
This study examined the influence of time management practices and workplace bullying on organizational commitment amongst employees at Zahedan University of Medical Sciences. This study employed a descriptive-correlational research design. A convenience sample of 195 participants (93 women and 102 men) was recruited. Data collection utilized questionnaires that measured time management, workplace bullying, and organizational commitment. Pearson correlation coefficients and stepwise multiple regression analyses were conducted using SPSS software version 26. Analysis revealed significant positive correlations between organizational commitment and short-range planning skills and total time management scores. Conversely, negative correlations emerged between organizational commitment and victimization experiences, instances of fighting, and overall workplace bullying. Stepwise multiple regressions indicated that workplace bullying scores entered the model first, explaining 12.4% of the variance in organizational commitment. Short-range planning scores entered the second step, explaining an additional 2.3% of the variance. Interestingly, however, both bullying and short-range planning emerged as negative predictors of organizational commitment. These findings suggest that fostering short-range planning skills and addressing workplace bullying could be beneficial in enhancing employee organizational commitment. Future research could investigate potential interventions to improve time management and mitigate bullying behaviors within similar organizational contexts.
The Role of Job Crafting and Work-Life Balance in Employee Engagement
حوزههای تخصصی:
Employee engagement is a crucial factor in ensuring organizational success. It involves employees being able to be themselves at work and putting in extra effort to help their company thrive. To achieve this, it is essential to identify the factors that can predict employee engagement. Therefore, this research aims to examine the role of job crafting and work-life balance in employee engagement. The study's statistical population consisted of employees from the University of Sistan and Baluchestan. A sample of 119 individuals was selected using convenience sampling. The research tools were the Job Crafting Questionnaire, the Work-Life Balance Questionnaire, and the Employee Engagement Questionnaire. The results showed that there is a significant and direct correlation between job crafting and work-life balance with employee engagement (P<.001). Based on the results of Structural Equation Modeling the task job crafting, flexibility on work schedule and workplace support had positive and significant effects on employee engagement
عوامل مرتبط با عدالت سازمانی: یک مطالعه فراتحلیل(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزههای تخصصی:
پژوهش حاضر با هدف تحلیل یافته های به دست آمده از پژوهش های پیرامون همبسته های عدالت سازمانی در شبکه بانکی کشور انجام شده است. مطالعه حاضر پژوهشی کاربردی و کمی است. جامعه آماری پژوهش را تمام پژوهش های انجام شده تا پایان بهار 1402 در زمینه موضوع مورد مطالعه تشکیل دادند که از طریق نمونه گیری هدفمند 37 پژوهش مرتبط با عدالت سازمانی که در قالب پایان نامه نمایه شده در سایت ایرانداک و مقالات منتشر شده در نشریات علمی-پژوهشی در بازه زمانی 1389 تا 1401 شناسایی و استخراج شدند. روش مورد استفاده در پژوهش حاضر فراتحلیل می باشد و به منظور تجزیه و تحلیل اطلاعات، از ویرایش دوم نرم افزار جامع فراتحلیل (CMA) استفاده شده است. نتایج این مطالعه نشان داد در شبکه بانکی کشور، ارتباط عوامل در سه سطح «فردی، اجتماعی و سازمانی» با عدالت سازمانی مورد بررسی قرار گرفته است. با توجه به اندازه اثر حاصل، نتایج نشان داد که عوامل سازمانی قوی ترین همبسته عدالت سازمانی می باشند و بعد از آن به ترتیب عوامل فردی و اجتماعی قرار می گیرند. در بین عوامل سازمانی، «بهروزی سازمانی» در بین عوامل فردی، «بهره وری کارکنان» و در بین عوامل اجتماعی «سرمایه اجتماعی» قوی ترین ارتباط را با عدالت سازمانی داشتند. پژوهش های گوناگون نشانگر آن است که تقویت ادراک کارکنان از عدالت سازمانی بر جنبه های متفاوت رفتار سازمانی مرتبط و اثرگذار است و تلاش برای توسعه عدالت سازمانی به صورت توأمان از یک سو به تقویت و افزایش بهره وری سازمانی به صورت مستمر و از سوی دیگر رشد شاخص های توسعه منابع انسانی سازمان ها کمک می کند.
The relationship between psychological resilience, happiness, and mindfulness with psychological well-being of elementary school teachers at workplace
حوزههای تخصصی:
Given the severe psychological stress of teachers in educational settings, it is of particular value to pay attention to improving their psychological well-being and to identify the factors that contribute to the decrease or increase in teachers' psychological well-being. For this reason, the aim of the present study was to investigate the role of predictor variables of psychological resilience, happiness, and mindfulness in the criterion variable of teachers' psychological well-being. For this reason, 113 people were selected from the statistical population of elementary school teachers in Rasht in the academic year (2023-2024) using the convenience sampling method and responded to the questionnaires of psychological well-being (Reif and Keyes, 1995), psychological resilience (Connor and Davidson, 2003), Oxford Happiness (Hills and Argyle, 2002), and Freiburg Mindfulness (Wallach et al., 2006). The results were analyzed in SPSS22 software using Pearson's correlation coefficient and stepwise regression, and the results showed that the relationship between psychological resilience and psychological well-being (r=0.61), the relationship between happiness and psychological well-being (r=0.49), and the relationship between mindfulness and psychological well-being (r=0.41) was positive and significant (p<0.01), and the three variables explained 50% of the variance in the changes in teachers' psychological well-being. Therefore, the psychological well-being of elementary school teachers can be predicted based on psychological resilience, mindfulness, and happiness.
Comparing the Effectiveness of Reality Therapy and Schema Therapy on the Perfectionism of Working Women in Shiraz
حوزههای تخصصی:
The present research was conducted with the aim of comparing the effectiveness of reality therapy and schema therapy on the perfectionism of working women. The materials and methods of this research are Quasi-experiment with a pre-test and post-test design. The statistical population consists of working women based in Shiraz. First, a number of 150 working women completed Hill et al.'s perfectionism inventory (2004), then 45 individuals who had the higher scores compared to the rest, were selected and randomly placed in three groups of 15, including two experimental groups and one control group; and then the first experimental group was exposed to 8 sessions of reality therapy and the second experimental group was exposed to 8 sessions of schema therapy and the control group did not receive any intervention. The information obtained from covariance analysis was analyzed with the SPSS software. The findings obtained from the covariance analysis showed that both methods led to a significant reduction in the perfectionism of the participants of the experimental groups. Among the two types of therapy, schema therapy had a greater effect in reducing perfectionism; but there was no significant difference between the two methods in reducing perfectionism. Based on the results, both reality therapy and schema therapy can be used to reduce the perfectionism of working women.
اثر رهبری خدمتگزار بر رفتارهای کاری نوآورانه با توجه به نقش میانجی معناداری کار در شرکت های دانش بنیان(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
حوزههای تخصصی:
هدف از این پژوهش بررسی نقش معنا داری کار به عنوان میانجی در رابطه بین رهبری خدمتگزار و رفتارهای کاری نوآورانه می باشد. در این پژوهش از روش توصیفی پیمایشی با نمونه گیری تصادفی طبقه ای برای جمع آوری داده ها از نمونه 277 نفری از کارکنان شرکت های دانش بنیان شهر تهران استفاده شده است. پرسش نامه های مورد استفاده در این تحقیق، پرسش نامه رهبری خدمتگزار (Patterson, 2003)، پرسش نامه معنا دار بودن کار (Arnoux-nicolas et al., 2017) و پرسش نامه رفتارهای کاری نوآورانه (De jong & de Hartog, 2010) می باشند. داده ها با استفاده از الگویابی معادلات ساختاری با نرم افزارهای SPSS و Amos-24.0 تجزیه و تحلیل شدند. نتایج نشان داد رهبری خدمتگزار بر رفتارهای کاری نوآورانه اثر مستقیم مثبت و معنی دار دارد. همچنین رهبری خدمتگزار بر معنا داری کار اثر مستقیم مثبت و معنی دار دارد. نتایج بوت استراپ نشان داد اثر غیرمستقیم رهبری خدمتگزار به واسطه معنا داری کار بر رفتارهای کاری نوآورانه مثبت و معنی دار می باشد، در نتیجه شرکت های دانش بنیان می توانند رهبری خدمتگزار را به عنوان یک روش متحول کننده برای باز کردن پتانسیل نوآوری کارکنان با القای حس هدفمندی در کارشان بپذیرند.