درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between self-directed learning (SDL) and problem solving, with a focus on the mediating role of self-regulated learning (SRL) and the moderating role of gender among Iraqi university students. Method: A correlational research design was employed. The statistical population included all the students of Qadisiyah University in Iraq in the academic year 2023-2024. A sample of 300 students were selected using a convenience sampling method. Data were collected using the Problem-Solving Inventory (Cassidy & Long, 1996), The Self-Directed Learning Readiness Scale (Cheng, Kuo, Lin & Lee-Hsieh, 2010), and the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (Pintrich & De Groot, 1990). Data was analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with SPSS and AMOS software. Results: The results indicated a good model fit. SDL had a direct impact on problem solving. Additionally, SRL partially mediated the relationship between SDL and problem solving. However, gender did not significantly moderate the relationship between SRL and problem solving. Conclusions: The findings suggest that increasing SDL and SRL among students can enhance their problem-solving skills.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is one of the most common neurological diseases. The disease is clinically defined by the involvement of different parts of the central nervous system (CNS) at various times. Its peak incidence is between the ages of 20 and 40. The experience of pain plays an important role in the mental health and quality of life of MS patients. Research also shows that if MS patients have high levels of self-compassion, they can more easily manage negative situations. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of mindfulness training programs on the perception of pain experience and self-compassion in MS patients. Method: >The current research is an experiment with available sampling methods. The sample includes 40 MS patients, 20 in the experimental group and 20 in the control group. Mindfulness training programs (Kabat—Zinn), the McGill Pain Experience Scale (MPQ), and the NF Self-Compassion Questionnaire (SCS-LF) were used to collect data. The data were analyzed through the statistical test of multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA). Results: >The results showed that the average difference between the groups regarding pain experience (F=49.270) and self-compassion (F=51.249) is significant. Therefore, it can be said that increasing self-compassion leads to higher efficiency in facing stressful situations. Conclusion >: Enhancing cognitive processes, particularly self-compassion, through mindfulness training can significantly influence individuals’ perception of pain. It is recommended that families receive appropriate training to develop strategies aimed at strengthening mindfulness skills in individuals.  

Objective: Some factors, such as personality type, coping styles, and psychological capital, have an effect on the resilience of women with breast cancer. The purpose of the study is to investigate the structural relationship of these factors with each other. Method : The subjects of this study were 231 women (20-55 years old) diagnosed with breast cancer and treated at the breast cancer department of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran in 2022-2023. The Tebachnik and Fidel's formula (2007) was used to estimate the sample size. Psychological resilience (Connor & Davidson, 2003), NEO-PI personality questionnaire (Costa & McCrae, 1992), and coping strategies questionnaire (Endler & Parker, 1990) were used to measure the research variables. Results Therefore, five personality factors can lead to an increase in resilience through coping strategies and psychological capital. In addition, the path coefficients of the two-way relationship of the variables showed that 44% of the changes in resilience were influenced by personality, 97% of the changes in coping strategies were influenced by personality, 91% of the changes in psychological capital were influenced by personality and 20% of the changes in resilience were influenced by personality. The effect of coping strategies and 36% of the changes in resilience showed the effect of psychological capital.   Conclusion : One of the determining factors of resilience in a chronic disease such as breast cancer is the role of personality traits, which is influenced by positive psychological variables such as coping strategies and psychological capital of the patient  

Objective: The present research aimed to compare the effectiveness of schema therapy and a mindfulness-based stress reduction program on sexual satisfaction among married individuals. Method: This quasi-experimental study employed a pretest-posttest design with a one-month follow-up and included a control group. The study population consisted of all married individuals with marital issues who visited the Khodbidari Psychological Center in the first half of 2019, totaling approximately 180 individuals. From this group, 45 individuals were selected through purposive sampling and randomly assigned to three groups of 15. The experimental groups underwent 8 sessions of 90-minute schema therapy by Young et al. (2003) and the mindfulness-based stress reduction program by Kabat-Zinn (2003), while no intervention was performed for the control group. The data collection tool was the Sexual Satisfaction Scale (Larson et al., 1998). The data were analyzed using SPSS software version 21 and repeated measures ANOVA. Findings: The results indicated that there was a significant difference in sexual satisfaction scores among the groups (p = 0.001, F = 21.58), and both schema therapy and the mindfulness-based stress reduction program increased sexual satisfaction among married individuals. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between the two groups in this regard (p < 0.05). Conclusion: According to the results, both schema therapy and the mindfulness-based stress reduction program can be used to improve sexual satisfaction in married individuals.

Objective: The present study aimed to develop a pre-marital counseling model based on Davis's (2005) Work Adjustment Theory. Methods: The research was qualitative in nature and utilized content analysis. The environment for this study included all texts related to the aforementioned theory. Participants were selected purposefully from texts on work adjustment within the period from 2013 to 2022. The criterion for the number of texts was based on the principle of data saturation. The data collection method involved line-by-line examination of texts, based on questions related to the components of adjustment in this theory. Data derived from the text analysis were analyzed using the conventional content analysis method by Hsieh and Shannon (2005). Findings: The results of the content analysis indicated that all content from Davis's Work Adjustment Theory can be summarized into three main concepts: compatibility, interaction, and adjustment. When adapted to pre-marital counseling, these concepts were described as follows: the concept of compatibility is divided into two subcategories: satisfaction for the family and satisfaction with the family. The concept of interaction includes sub-concepts of adjustment styles. The third concept, adjustment, encompasses the style of managing marital life tasks. Accordingly, the compatibility-based pre-marital counseling model was designed based on these three dimensions. Conclusion: Overall, given the process of extracting this model, it can be qualitatively stated that this model is valid.

Objective: The current research aimed to examine the effectiveness of positive cognitive behavioral therapy on psychological flexibility and the meaning of life among single women aged 25 to 35 in Tehran. Methods: The method of the study was quasi-experimental with a pre-test-post-test design, including a control group and a follow-up phase. The population of this study consisted of single women aged 25 to 35 from Tehran, who had visited the community centers of District One during the second half of 2021. The sampling was purposive, and the study sample included a control group and an experimental group, each consisting of 20 randomly placed participants. The experimental group received 8 bi-weekly two-hour sessions in a group setting, following the protocol of Bannink (2014). Instruments used in this study included the Bond Psychological Flexibility Questionnaire (2011) and Steger's Meaning in Life Questionnaire (2010). Data analysis was conducted in two phases: descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. For inferential statistics, given the design of the study, parametric tests and the normality of data distribution were assessed using the Shapiro-Wilk test and univariate analysis of covariance, and data analysis was performed using SPSS version 24. Findings: The findings indicated that positive cognitive behavioral therapy significantly increased psychological flexibility (F = 75.22, p = .001) and enhanced the meaning of life (F = 57.13, p = .001) among the participants, and these effects were maintained during the follow-up phase. Conclusion: Positive cognitive behavioral therapy can be an effective method for improving psychological flexibility and meaning in life among single women and can be utilized by therapists and clients.

Objective: The purpose of the present study is to analyze the challenges faced by the families of veterans suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Methods: This research was conducted using a qualitative approach and grounded theory methodology. The statistical population consisted of 1,500 individuals, and participants were selected through purposive sampling based on the inclusion criteria. Data collection continued until theoretical saturation was achieved, resulting in the study of 42 families, including spouses and children of veterans with PTSD in Kermanshah province. Additionally, a literature review and semi-structured interviews with 10 experts and social work professionals in the field of family studies were conducted over a 12-month period in 2022. Data were analyzed using Strauss and Corbin’s method. Findings: The results were obtained through three stages of open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. Data analysis yielded 138 subcategories, 15 main categories, and 1 core category. The 15 main categories included: "quality of life issues, financial problems, internal family environment challenges, family functioning issues, psychological problems, parent-child relationship problems, challenges from surrounding individuals and social support networks, marital relationship issues, coping strategy problems, personality trait issues, life cycle challenges, organizational and cultural action problems, family outcome challenges, social outcome challenges, and individual outcome challenges." These were presented as causal, intervening, contextual factors, strategies, and outcomes in the final model. Conclusion: This study, in connection with the research literature, provided a new understanding of the experiences of families of veterans with PTSD by describing their challenges. The findings revealed that these families face significant issues in various aspects of their lives, and reducing these challenges requires greater attention from responsible organizations and mental health centers.

Objective: The present study aimed to explore the socio-cultural challenges of family therapy. This applied research utilized a qualitative phenomenological approach. Methods: The study population consisted of specialists in various fields of couples and family therapy in Tehran province during the years 2022-2023, who met the inclusion criteria for the study. The inclusion criteria were psychologists or counselors with a Master's or Doctoral degree who had at least five years of experience in one of the family-related fields and were willing to collaborate in the research. A purposive, snowball sampling method was used, continuing until data saturation was reached, with a final selection of 15 specialists. Semi-structured interviews were used for data collection, and the data were analyzed using an inductive thematic analysis approach. Findings: The findings revealed 24 initial concepts, 5 sub-themes, and 2 main themes as the socio-cultural challenges and factors that perpetuate these challenges. Ineffective application of existing family therapy theories in response to societal changes, social harms affecting family systems over time, and socio-cultural-economic damages were among the sub-themes of challenges. Differences in opinions regarding the strengthening of theory-building and the approach to localizing interventions without relying on existing theories were identified as factors that sustain these challenges. Conclusion: This study offers a new perspective on the impact of societal context on the effective or ineffective implementation of interventions based on non-native theories, providing an alternative approach to examining the issues of cultural insularity in interventions, beyond considerations of religion and written documents in research.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of parenting effectiveness training on the parent-child relationship in children aged 6 to 12 with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method: The research employed a quasi-experimental design using a pretest-posttest framework with a control group (one experimental group and one control group). The statistical population comprised male and female students aged 6 to 12 years with ADHD in Isfahan during the 2022-2023 academic year. The research sample consisted of 32 parents and students with ADHD, who were purposefully selected and randomly assigned to the experimental and control groups. Participants were chosen based on research inclusion criteria. The Parent Effectiveness Training (PET) program included 8 training sessions for parents. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. At the descriptive level, frequency tables, percentage distributions, mean, and standard deviation were calculated. At the inferential level, after verifying the assumptions for parametric testing, univariate and multivariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA and MANCOVA) were performed. Findings: The results indicated that parenting effectiveness training had a significant effect on the parent-child relationship at the p < .05 level. Conclusion: The findings suggest that parenting effectiveness training positively influences the parent-child relationship in children aged 6 to 12 with ADHD and is an effective intervention method.

Objective: This research was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationships between parenting dimensions, indicators of father-child relationship, and academic achievement.Methods: The research method was correlational of type structural equation modeling (SEM). The population of this study included boy students between 13 and 16 years in the city of Isfahan in the academic year 2021-2022. The random sampling method was a multi-stage cluster. The sample included 269 adolescents, who answered the parenting and father-child relationship online questionnaires. academic achievement was also calculated through the examination of grade average scores. The data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation test and structural equations and by SPSS and AMOS.Results: The findings showed that the assumed model after the modification has a good fit and parenting in all dimensions (except monitoring and Notification) was able to explain the indicators of the father-child relationship (P<0.01). On the other side, academic achievement could not have a place in the tested model.Conclusion: The results of the current research confirm the important role of parenting and its dimensions in explaining the father-child relationship, and also focus attention on the role of non-family factors regarding academic achievement.

 Objective: This study investigated the relationship between screen time and green time with academic engagement and academic performance of secondary school students in Tabriz city.Methods: The present study was part of cross-sectional and descriptive studies of the correlation and prediction type. Three hundred eighty-five people from Tabriz secondary school students were selected in the first semester of the 2022-2023 academic year by multi-stage cluster sampling based on Morgan's table. All sample members completed Reeve's academic engagement scale (AES) and Screen Time Questionnaire (STQ). The student's GPA was considered their academic performance and was evaluated by adding two questions to the research questionnaires of the green time variable. The collected data were analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient, simultaneous regression, and SPSS23 statistical software.Results: The results showed a negative and significant relationship between screen times, the dimensions of academic engagement, and the student's GPA. It was also found that there is a positive and significant relationship between green time and the dimensions of academic engagement (except the emotional involvement dimension) and students' GPA. Screen time and green time significantly contributed to explaining students' academic engagement and academic performance.Conclusion: The results highlighted the importance of screen and green time in educational variables.

Aim: The Ethical and Legal Issues Self-Efficacy in Counseling (ELICSES) has been developed to evaluate counselors' and psychologists' self-efficacy in ethical and legal issues. Psychometric properties of the ELICSES in Iranian counselors and psychologists remain a largely unexplored realm. Method: The present study, therefore, seeks to translate the scale from English to Persian while also investigating the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the ELICSES. Online sampling was utilized to collect data from four hundred and forty-seven counselors, psychologists, and trainees who participated in the study. Ethical and Legal Issues in the Counseling Self-Efficacy Scale and Marlowe–Crowne Social Desirability Scale were used in the study. Results: The results of face (all items earned greater than 1.5 except one item (1.2)), content (overall CVI > 0.79, CVR > 0.62), and construct validity (CMIN=3.65, CFI=0.922, RMSE=0.45; also AVE> .5 and CR> .7) indicated that the ELICSES held appropriate validity and reliability. The results of the confirmatory factor analysis confirm the three factors of the ELICSES among Iranian counselors, psychologists, and trainees. Conclusion: These results suggested the validity and reliability of the ELICSES in evaluating self-efficacy when it comes to ethical and legal issues among Iranian counselors, psychologists, and trainees

Aim: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between the uses of harmful smartphones and externalizing problems with the mediating role of self-control in a sample of self-harming teenagers. Methods: The research method was descriptive-correlation type. The statistical population of the study included all teenage boys and girls of Yazd city were between July and October in 2022-23 in Yazd, Iran. Researchers selected clinics based on convenience methods and randomly selected self-harming teenagers. The data collection tool were Cell Phone Addiction Scale (CAC), Self-control Questionnaire (CSQ), and Child Behavior Checklist (CBC). Results: The results showed that the use of harmful smartphones had a direct and significant effect on aggressive behavior among self-harming teenagers (β=0.387, P=0.001). Similarly, the use of harmful smartphones had a direct and significant effect on the law-breaking behavior among self-harming teenagers (β=0.297; P=0.022). Also, self-control had a negative and significant effect on aggressive behavior (β=-0.54; P<0.01). In addition, self-control had a negative and significant effect on law-breaking behavior (β=-0.497; P<0.01). In the end, the results of the research showed that self-control had a negative and significant mediating role in the relationship between the use of harmful smartphones and externalizing problems in self-harming teenagers. Conclusion: Findings from this research indicate that teenagers who demonstrate good self-control may experience fewer behavioral difficulties and have a reduced tendency to harm themselves, regardless of their harmful smartphone usage. Findings have emphasized that greater attention should be given to assisting teenagers in developing their self-control capabilities.

Objective: The Present Study was Conducted to investigate the Mediating Role of Metacognitive Beliefs in the Relationship Between Family Communication Patterns and Perfectionism. The Current Research was a Correlational and Structural Equation Type. Methods: The Statistical Population of the Research Included All Male and Female Undergraduate, Master's and Doctoral Students at the University of Guilan who were Studying in 2022-2023. 204 People were Selected by Random Sampling Method and Answered the Perfectionism, Metacognitive Beliefs and Family Communication Patterns Questionnaires. Data Were Analyzed Using Structural Equation Modeling with SPSS-27 and SMART-PLS-3 Statistical Software. Results:The Results of Structural Equations Showed that the Fit of the Structural Model of the Family Communication Pattern with The Mediating Role of Metacognitive Beliefs on Perfectionism is Optimal so that Communication Orientation and Conformity Through Metacognitive Beliefs Have an Indirect Relationship with Perfectionism. Conclusion: According to the present study, the metacognitive beliefs of students are affected by the family communication pattern, which affects their perfectionism.