واکاوی کانون های تأثیرگذار بر روند تشکیل خطوط اولیه اسلامی
آرشیو
چکیده
بیان مسئله اسلام در سرزمینی ظهور کرد که مردمانش در ابتدا آشنایی اندکی با نگارش داشتند اما خوشبختی مسلمین ازآن رو بوده است که با تمدن هایی مجاور بودند که قابلیت انتظام بخشیدن به خواسته ها و تمایلات ذهنی خود را در بطن نوشتار کسب کرده بودند؛ در نخستین زمان های شکل گیری الفبا، فنیقی های تاجر می درخشند که آوازه شان در تمام تاریخ و برای تمام جوامع مبرهن است اما پیرو آن ها اقوام دیگری نیز بودند که به غنای حروف ابداعی اولیه مدد رساندند و آن تمدن های کهن تر واقع در سرزمین ایران بودند که بزرگ ترین نقش را در سیر تکامل خطوط اولیه داشتند. ورای این تمدن ها نقش قبایل مهاجم آرامی و عبرانی در منطقه نیز بارز است که با حضور شورشگرانه مداوم خود در شمال خاوری و باختری حجاز به انتقال دستاوردهای این تمدن ها پرداختند. این اقوام در پهنه وسیع منطقه شام به طور گسترده موجب توسعه خط و زبان ابتدایی ابداع شده توسط فنیقی ها و ایرانی ها و مصری ها گردیدند و با رفت وآمد بین تمدن های پیشرفته شرق و غرب، خط الفبایی خلق شده را غنا بخشیدند. هدف پژوهش بدین ترتیب، هدف پژوهش حاضر تعیین جایگاه هرکدام از این اقوام و تمدن های تأثیرگذار در شکل گیری و تکامل خطوط الفبایی ابتدایی و سهم اختصاصی شان در پیدایش خطوط اولیه اسلامی و تکوین آن در قالب خطوط کوفی بوده و همچنین ضرورت تعیین کنندگی عملکرد سیاسی و اجتماعی این کانون ها در منطقه خاورمیانه بر بهبود و ترقی خطوط اولیه و نوع تلاقی شان با یکدیگر درگذر زمان سؤال پژوهش: این پژوهش در پی پاسخگویی به این پرسش است که سیر تحول خطوط اولیه اسلامی توسط این تمدن ها و اقوام، چگونه بوده است؟ روش پژوهش در این راستا با رویکردی توصیفی و تحلیلی ابتدا به وسیله اسناد تاریخی موجود به معرفی این تمدن ها و بیان موقعیت فرهنگی شان پرداخته و سپس با تحلیل چگونگی اثرگذاری شان بر یکدیگر، سیر تکامل خطوط اولیه اسلامی مورد ارزیابی قرار می گیرد. نتیجه گیری برآیند این پژوهش نشان می دهد که حضور پرتحرک اقوام شورشگر آرامی و عبرانی در شرایط استراتژیکی منطقه خاور نزدیک موجب تلاقی فرهنگی و تبادل خطوط و نوشتارهای ابداعی در گوشه و کنار مناطق خاورمیانه به ویژه قسمت های غربی آن گردید و بهره هایی که از این تبادلات فرهنگی برای جهانیان حاصل شد بسیار ارزشمندتر از آسیب هایی بوده که درنتیجه شورش ها و غارت های اقوام آرامی و عبرانی در منطقه موردنظر طی سالیان و قرون متمادی به بار آمد.Analysis of Centers influencing the process of formation of early Islamic scripts
Analyzing the Influential Centers in the Formation of Early Islamic Scripts
Dr. Fatemeh Nasiri, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Faculty of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts and Tourism, University of Mazandaran, Iran.
Dr. Homayoun Haj-Mohammad Hosseini, Ph.D., Assistant Professor, Faculty of Art and Architecture, University of Mazandaran, Iran.
Problem Statement:
Islamic scripts, which encompass a wide range of derivatives, are most closely associated with the Arabic script due to their development in the land of divine revelation and their subsequent elevation with the rise of Islam. Having taken root in diverse cultures and civilizations, Islamic calligraphy has gained a distinctive status among the world's scripts. According to Titus Burckhardt, “Islamic calligraphy is an art form held in high regard throughout the Islamic world, as anyone familiar with writing is capable of recognizing and judging the art of calligraphers. It can be said without exaggeration that no art has contributed as much to the cultivation of Muslims’ aesthetic sense as calligraphy” (1986, p. 57). It is thus worth exploring how early primary scripts evolved into the current Arabic script—a script that, in Burckhardt’s view, may be among the most phonetic systems in existence .
It is evident that the foundation of early Arabic scripts, following a long historical trajectory, only achieved refinement and flourishing after the emergence of Islam and the imperative need to transcribe the divine message for the establishment and expansion of the religion. The Arabs, being nomadic and traditionally reliant on oral transmission, had long harbored skepticism toward writing. Unlike other ancient civilizations such as the Egyptians, Sumerians, Babylonians, and Chinese—who had developed complex writing systems thousands of years prior—the Arabs adopted written forms much later. It was only with the blossoming of Islam and the necessity to preserve the sacred content of the Quran that writing became essential.
This urgency prompted the adaptation of writing developments from both the northern and southern regions of the Hijaz for use in Islamic scripture. Thus, the historical trajectory of the evolution and development of early Islamic scripts is inherently tied to the influence of ancient civilizations in the Middle East. The confluence of these cultures played a crucial role in shaping the early forms of Islamic writing.
Given the prominence of calligraphy in Islamic lands—especially in Iran, where scholars argue that "after Persian literature, the largest body of theoretical discourse pertains to calligraphy" this research aims to explore the influence of ancient civilizations on early Islamic scripts, with particular attention to Iran’s significant role.
Accordingly, the present study investigates the historical and cultural aspects of various regional peoples by locating the geographical centers of early Western Asian civilizations and analyzing their political, historical, and social contexts to trace the development of early Islamic scripts. In doing so, it also assesses the evolution of earlier alphabetical scripts and the cultural intersections between different ethnic groups—especially ancient Iranians—and evaluates how such interactions influenced or were influenced by Iran.
Research Objective
The objective of this study is to determine the role and contribution of each of these civilizations in the formation and evolution of early alphabetic scripts and their specific influence on the emergence and development of early Islamic scripts, particularly in the form of the Kufic script. Furthermore, it aims to underscore the necessity of understanding the political and social performance of these centers in the Middle East and how their interactions over time contributed to the advancement of early Islamic writing systems.
Research Question
This study seeks to answer the following question:
How did the evolution of early Islamic scripts unfold under the influence of various civilizations and ethnic groups?
Research Methodology This is a qualitative study using a descriptive-analytical approach. It investigates the spatial and temporal conditions of the civilizations that contributed to the evolution of early Islamic scripts through the study of historical documents and written records from the mentioned regions.
The historical evidence is classified into two categories:
Written and published sources by leading scholars in the field of script and calligraphy, which focus on the analysis and classification of ancient written forms.
Material evidence of calligraphy, such as inscriptions from ancient periods, serves as tangible proof for describing the development of scripts. This also includes the geographical analysis of ancient ethnic settlements in the Middle East and Near East, tracked through historical maps to understand their migrations and cultural exchanges.
Conclusion
Based on the historical background of the Hijaz region and its surroundings, the development of the Arabic script was shaped by events in northern Arabia, the Levant, Iraq, and Iran, as well as by the linguistic and scriptural evolution of the peoples inhabiting these areas. The Nabataean and Himyarite states and their interaction with the residents of Hira and Anbar played a significant role in shaping the initial form of the Arabic script. However, the exact sequence of influences among various ethnic scripts remains unclear.
Historical evidence mainly enables us to list the involved civilizations and ethnic groups and, by considering the final stage of script development in Hira and Anbar at the dawn of Islam, analyze the cultural intersections. Among the most influential civilizations in the formation of the Arabic script were the Phoenician, Hebrew, Aramaic, and Nabataean—groups with Semitic roots closely related to the Arabs of the Arabian Peninsula. Despite living in distinct geographical areas, historical events brought them into contact with the Arabs.
Nevertheless, the role of the Arabs of the Arabian Peninsula—where Islam emerged—cannot be ignored. These Arabs developed the motivation and capacity to adopt and adapt the refined writing systems of neighboring civilizations. The revelation of Islam and the need to record its divine teachings further compelled them to utilize the organized writing methods of northern tribes in pursuit of their religious and cultural goals.
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