درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

The current paper pursues two aims: to employ Classical Test Theory (CTT) to develop and refine a test, and to determine the impact of the age factor on L2 grammar among Iranian EFL learners, providing evidence for the claim that CTT best evaluates the consistency of measurements in age-related studies. The study examines the performance of adults or teenagers as pre- and post-puberty learners, in the grammar test devised through CTT, to conclude whether younger learners or older ones perform better on subject-verb agreement. Based on random sampling, twenty-three male participants, including 12 adults and 11 adolescents, upper-intermediate native speakers of Persian, took part in the study. They were tested on a 60-item test of grammar (on subject-verb agreement), which has been developed using the CTT model, as it fits small sample sizes and can be used for understanding complex issues (e.g., age-related issues). Other than devising a test on agreement using CTT as a model, the results revealed that post-puberty learners scored better than their younger counterparts, partly because they are cognitively more mature. However, age is not the one and only factor in second language learning, and other factors like individual differences, contextual factors, and methodological rigor should be taken into account. 

In God Help the Child (2015), the overarching argument of this article is that Sweetness is incapable of conveying a meaningful reflection of her “true self”. Her frailty to love and respect herself makes her vulnerable to exchange the same emotions with Bride. The objective of this paper is to scrutinize the impact of colorism and color-blindness on the lives of African-American women. We try to respond to two fundamental questions, namely how can “looking-glass-self” theory be applied on the maternal bond between Sweetness and Bride? and second, what is the impact of intersectionality or matrix of the social domination on the lives of Sweetness and Bride in God Help the Child (2015)? Drawing upon Collins’s Black Feminist and Winnicott’s Psychoanalytic theories, we try to examine multi-faceted aspects of racism, including reverse racism, structural racism, intersectionality, matrix of the social domination, and common stereotypical images attributed to Black women with a holistic approach. Although socio-cultural White ideology is dominant to Bride’s Blackness, Bride rescues herself from the hatred of her own world by furnishing a kind of domination over other women and companies by her physical beauty and success in expanding cosmetics business. She turns her dark skin color into a marvelous asset in the guise of the White clothing.

The migration of Indians to various destinations during the past few decades has led to the emergence of a group of writers known as Asian-American authors in literature. These writers, including immigrant women from India spanning the first and second generations, have crafted a substantial collection of short fiction. Jhumpa Lahiri, a Bengali-Indian writer, explores themes of identity, belonging, displacement, and the challenges of straddling different cultural attitudes in Interpreter of Maladies . This article adopts a theoretical approach and utilizes the library research method, drawing on the insights of scholars such as Stuart Hall and Michael Ryan, to explore cultural displacement, identity, and the experiences of immigrants in a new multicultural environment. The central focus is to know how Lahiri addresses displacement and immigration through trans-cultural discourses while challenging cultural diversities in Interpreter of Maladies . By employing such a trans-cultural discourse, this study aims to analyze how Lahiri portrays the complexities of cultural differences, and identity formation in the context of immigration. The narratives in Interpreter of Maladies offer a rich tapestry of characters navigating the challenges of living between cultures, shedding light on the profound impact of displacement on individuals and families. By closely examining Lahiri’s storytelling techniques and character development, this article aims to illuminate how the author captures the nuances of trans-cultural experiences and the facts that ultimately put their impact on the formation of immigrants’ new identities in unfamiliar territories.

Dans La Symphonie des morts, ce qui est mis en scène par le romancier, Abbas Maroufi, c’est une famille entourée par différentes formes de mort causées par l’incendie, le fratricide, le suicide et la noyade involontaire. Ce qui attire notre attention dans cet ouvrage, c’est la présence perpétuelle des images du feu et de l’eau dans les scènes où la mort intervient. Donc, l’existence des personnages est intimement liée à ces deux éléments qui se trouvent au centre de la pensée bachelardienne. Quelles images poétiques ou symboliques ces éléments créént-ils chez l’écrivain ? Comment et dans quelle mesure participent-ils au destin funeste des personnages ? Lequel de ces deux élémements l’emporte sur l’autre et pourquoi ? Pour parvenir à des réponses convenables, nous allons étudier la relation qu’établissent ces images avec la mort des protagonistes. Certes, cette étude sera suivie d’une analyse psychanalytique des membres de la famille Ourkhani, car la critique bachelardienne va au-delà des images naturelles pour atteindre aux détails de la psyché humaine selon la psychanalyse freudienne

This article looks at Ralph Waldo Emerson’s translation of a poem by Shah Nimatullah Wali, “Song of Seid Nimetollah of Kuhistan,” and through a genetic reading of its avant-texts demonstrates, firstly, how despite its pretense to faithfulness, the translation is affected by Emerson’s prior knowledge of the original culture. It will also demonstrate how the translation provides Emerson with a space to express his concerns in disguise of a translator. That is to say, through conscious and unconscious manipulation of the original text and introduction of the translation as an emblem of the foreign culture, Emerson affirms and naturalizes his own ideological position. This article also attempts to demonstrate how through the translation Emerson is identifying with the speaker, “leaving” his identity, and temporarily experiencing the moment of trance a dervish describes. In order to achieve these, this article benefits from Lawrence Venuti’s “hermeneutic model of translation” and Branka Arsic’s idea of “leaving.”

The present essay focuses on the witnessing process of the enlisting poets’ effective responsiveness to the devastations they encountered; the two poets to be studied have been directly or indirectly traumatized by wars. The analytical perspective draws on Dominick LaCapra’s theories on historical trauma. It intends to uncover the traumatic effects of circumstances in post-war poems. The methodological procedure is grounded in the qualitative appraisal of the emotive aspect of the poets’ expressionist representation through critical discourse analysis. Trauma theories influence the research approach in historical and structural science, emphasizing witnessing levels, coined by Dori Laub, as the most significant determinant of the gestalt of interpretations. The poems’ demolished vibe exploits an insight into the amalgamation of historical trauma and its steps towards salvation. The authorial intentionality in war poetry aspires to enlighten human sorrow and redemption by restoring the literary application of the historical, structural, and perpetrator trauma hypothesis. The melioristic agenda for edification via physical and critical phases, such as acting out and working through, coined by LaCapra, foci in the varied poems to be scrutinized, enables the poets’ to maintain their readers’ empathetic identification with their characters’ predicaments in a psychoanalytic context.

This study seeks to delineate the representation of post-9/11 in Iraq through employing a range of ideas and conceptions from Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri’s formulation of Empire to Agamben’s theorization of the state of exception so as to reveal the real cause of the US invasion of Iraq, the real significance of fundamentalism which arose in the wake of the violence resulting from the invasion, and the resistance role that fundamentalism played in Iraq. The study seeks to demonstrate how Islamophobia, terrorism, fundamentalism, and Empire are inextricably intertwined and the way they are represented in Inaam Kachachi’s The American Granddaughter. The findings of the study reveal the fact that the main intentions of the invasion arise out of the Empire’s attempts to spread its supranational sovereignty to the entire world, along the way giving rise to fundamentalism, which stands as the antithesis of the Empire and which does not have anything to do with going back to the roots of Islam but rather serves the losers of the process of globalization as the means through which they can contest its winners. The novel, thus, is an attempt at giving a narrative mode to the events that led to the fundamentalist renaissance in Iraq as a form of postcolonial confrontation and indicating how fundamentalism has been a form of resistance.