درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Objective: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is one of the most prevalent behavioural disorders among children in which L1 impairments are often displayed. There is a conventional assumption that ADHD-diagnosed children experience difficulties in L2 development as well. The present research aimed at investigating possible L2-related behaviours of ADHD-diagnosed children.Methods: To track L2 profiles among ADHD children, this mixed methods study examined L2 learning performance of ADHD-diagnosed children in terms of English phonological, lexical, and syntactic development compared with typically developing children. To this end, 10 ADHD-diagnosed and 10 typically-developing children were recruited from a public primary school located in Kerman, Iran, throughout the 2022-2023 academic year. The participants were then assigned to two experimental groups and given the English instructions with the same instructor. Results: The quantitative results showed that ADHD-diagnosed learners underperformed the typically-developing learners in all phonological, morphological, and syntactic production and recognition tests. However, the only significant difference was in the phonological recognition test (p = 0.04). Also, the qualitative results demonstrated that both groups were almost equally engaged in classroom interactions.Conclusion: The findings highlighted the importance of speech processing and sustained attention in lexical and syntactic learning ability among ADHD students. The implications of the study for L2 instructors were discussed.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of foreign language anxiety (FLA) on English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL) students’ cognitive processing of linguistic stimuli. Methods: The participants were 179 upper-intermediate or advanced EFL learners from different branches of an English language teaching institute. They were asked to fill out the Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale (FLCAS) questionnaire and then, considering their scores, were randomly assigned to high-anxiety and low-anxiety groups. To analyze the EFL learners’ cognitive processing of linguistic stimuli, a semantic decision task was used in the present study. In this task, participants saw a pair of words presented one after each other and were asked to decide whether the target word was related in meaning to the preceding prime word. Mixed Factorial Repeated Measure ANOVA was run on error rate (ER) data to establish the potential interaction between primes and targets. To reveal any potential anxiety effects, anxiety was run as a between-subject factor in the analysis. Results: The findings showed a statistically significant effect of anxiety on cognitive processing of linguistic stimuli with respect to ER. More specifically, the EFL students in the low-anxiety group made fewer errors in comparison to their counterparts in the high-anxiety group. Conclusion: The findings are attributed to the attentional control theory and cognitive overload of working memory, cognitive interference theory, and the specific nature of the task used in the present study. The results emphasize the fact that FLA could result in deficits in cognitive processing of linguistic stimuli by foreign language learners. 

Aim: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the mediating role of addiction to social networks in the relationship between body image dissatisfaction and depression. Method: The current research was a correlational and structural equation type. The statistical population of the research included all male and female undergraduate, master's and doctoral students of Gilan University who were studying in 1400-1401. 304 people were selected by random sampling method and answered questionnaires of addiction to mobile based social networks (AMQBSN), dissatisfaction with body image (BICI) and depression (BDI-II). Data were analyzed using structural equation modeling with SPSS-27 and SMART-PLS-3 statistical software. Finding: The results of structural equations showed that body dissatisfaction has a direct and significant effect on depression. Also, addiction to social networks has a direct effect on depression. Addiction to social networks plays a mediating role in the relationship between body image dissatisfaction and depression. Result: As a result, the value of the goodness of fit (GOF) is equal to 0/24 which, by comparing it with acceptable values for GOF, shows the average fit of the model. According to the results of the present study, the expansion of the use of social networks, especially among students, has provided a platform for addiction, which increases dissatisfaction with body image, which leads to depression.

Objective: Some factors, such as personality type, coping styles, and psychological capital, have an effect on the resilience of women with breast cancer. The purpose of the study is to investigate the structural relationship of these factors with each other. Method : The subjects of this study were 231 women (20-55 years old) diagnosed with breast cancer and treated at the breast cancer department of Imam Khomeini Hospital in Tehran in 2022-2023. The Tebachnik and Fidel's formula (2007) was used to estimate the sample size. Psychological resilience (Connor & Davidson, 2003), NEO-PI personality questionnaire (Costa & McCrae, 1992), and coping strategies questionnaire (Endler & Parker, 1990) were used to measure the research variables. Results Therefore, five personality factors can lead to an increase in resilience through coping strategies and psychological capital. In addition, the path coefficients of the two-way relationship of the variables showed that 44% of the changes in resilience were influenced by personality, 97% of the changes in coping strategies were influenced by personality, 91% of the changes in psychological capital were influenced by personality and 20% of the changes in resilience were influenced by personality. The effect of coping strategies and 36% of the changes in resilience showed the effect of psychological capital.   Conclusion : One of the determining factors of resilience in a chronic disease such as breast cancer is the role of personality traits, which is influenced by positive psychological variables such as coping strategies and psychological capital of the patient  

 Objective: This study aimed to examine the effects of reality therapy on improving psychological capital and sense of cohesion among Iranian Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Method: This study was performed in Tehran in 2021. Sampling was employed to select 36 participants who completed the Psychological Capital Questionnaire and Sense of Cohesion Scale in the pretest, posttest, and onemonth follow-up stages. The participants of the experimental group underwent eight weekly 90-minute sessions to receive the online reality therapy; However, the control group received no intervention. Results: Data analysis showed a significant difference in psychological capital and sense of cohesion in the experimental group compared to the control group (P< 0/05). There was a significant difference in three subscales of psychological capital (i.e., self-efficacy, resilience, and hope) and two subscales of the sense of cohesion (i.e., perceptibility and controllability) in Patients with MS in the experimental group (P <0.05), but no significant difference in optimism (a subscale of the psychological capital) and significance (a subscale of sense of cohesion) (P> 0.05). Conclusion: Due to the effects of reality therapy on patients with multiple sclerosis, this psychological therapy can be employed to improve the psychological capital and sense of cohesion.

Aim: The present study was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between the uses of harmful smartphones and externalizing problems with the mediating role of self-control in a sample of self-harming teenagers. Methods: The research method was descriptive-correlation type. The statistical population of the study included all teenage boys and girls of Yazd city were between July and October in 2022-23 in Yazd, Iran. Researchers selected clinics based on convenience methods and randomly selected self-harming teenagers. The data collection tool were Cell Phone Addiction Scale (CAC), Self-control Questionnaire (CSQ), and Child Behavior Checklist (CBC). Results: The results showed that the use of harmful smartphones had a direct and significant effect on aggressive behavior among self-harming teenagers (β=0.387, P=0.001). Similarly, the use of harmful smartphones had a direct and significant effect on the law-breaking behavior among self-harming teenagers (β=0.297; P=0.022). Also, self-control had a negative and significant effect on aggressive behavior (β=-0.54; P<0.01). In addition, self-control had a negative and significant effect on law-breaking behavior (β=-0.497; P<0.01). In the end, the results of the research showed that self-control had a negative and significant mediating role in the relationship between the use of harmful smartphones and externalizing problems in self-harming teenagers. Conclusion: Findings from this research indicate that teenagers who demonstrate good self-control may experience fewer behavioral difficulties and have a reduced tendency to harm themselves, regardless of their harmful smartphone usage. Findings have emphasized that greater attention should be given to assisting teenagers in developing their self-control capabilities.